The menopause is a physiological event involving ovarian failure as a result of a loss of ovarian follicular activity, which leads to oestrogen deficiency, resulting in permanent cessation of menstruation and loss of reproductive function. Women undergoing the menopause are seen in a range of healthcare settings. It is important that all nurses, particularly those practising in primary care and women's health, have an understanding of the symptoms, treatment and long-term implications of the menopause on women's health and quality of life. This article outlines the symptoms of the menopause and the available treatments for these, including hormone replacement therapy, non-hormonal treatments and alternative therapies, and discusses how nurses can assist women undergoing the menopause to improve their health and quality of life during this often challenging time.
Sheep farming is an important part of UK agriculture with significantly more breeding females than either the pig or cattle sectors. Whether grazing alongside arable rotations or utilising the marginal uplands, sheep farms arguably play a key role that is embedded within UK rural society. However, research led by University of Nottingham has identified various challenges and barriers that have affected relationships between UK sheep farmers and the veterinary profession. In response to these findings, Flock Health Clubs were developed as an initiative that aimed for improved and cost-effective sheep farmer–veterinary interaction. We report quantitative and qualitative data that assess the impact of Flock Health Clubs and indeed show tangible improvements in both farmer–veterinary surgeon relationships and measures of flock health and welfare.
Soil Quality or Soil Health are terms adopted by the scientific community as a metaphor for the effects of differing land management practices on the properties and functions of soil. Many other terms and metaphors are in use that defy neat quantification: human health, for example. Our challenge is to understand the importance of using such metaphors, but without compromising the underlying scientific understanding upon which they are based. We present here an approach based on expert elicitation in the field of soil quality and management, which offers a universal way of putting numbers to the metaphor. Like humans, soils differ and so do the ways in which they become unhealthy. We structure experts’ views of the extent to which soil delivers the functions expected of it within Bayesian Belief Networks anchored by measurable properties of soil. With these networks, we deduce the value of additional data to the precision of estimates of soil quality and health and infer the likely state of soil at locations in England & Wales. We conclude that the value of soil is best scored as its fitness for purpose or its utility. Our methodology has general applicability and could be deployed elsewhere or in other disciplines.
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