Anhang A 702Anhang A. Lösungen der Übungsaufgaben dieser H 0 wird ein Wahrscheinlichkeitsmodell konstruiert, das angibt, wie wahrscheinlich Stichprobenergebnisse unter Gültigkeit der H 0 sind. Das konkrete, bei der empirischen Untersuchung gefundene Stichprobenergebnis wird mit diesem Wahrscheinlichkeitsmodell (H 0 -Modell) verglichen, d. h., es wird ermittelt, wie wahrscheinlich das gefundene oder extremere Ergebnisse zustandekommen, wenn die H 0 in der Population gilt (Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit). Stellt sich heraus, dass das gefundene Ergebnis auch mit der H 0 zu vereinbaren ist (hohe Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit), kann über die Gültigkeit der rivalisierenden Hypothesen keine Aussage formuliert werden (nichtsignifikantes Ergebnis). Zur Ablehnung der H 0 und Annahme der favorisierten H 1 entscheidet man sich nur, wenn das gefundene Stichprobenergebnis zu Ergebnissen zählt, die unter Gültig-keit der H 0 sehr unwahrscheinlich sind (geringe Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit). Ist die Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit kleiner oder gleich 5%, so sprechen wir von einem signifikanten Ergebnis.
Sexting – that is, the private exchange of self-produced sexual images via cell phone or the internet – has been widely discussed in public and academic discourses as a new high-risk behavior among youths (especially girls) that should be prevented through better education about the various and severe risks it poses. This paper summarizes existing data on sexting prevalence (17 studies), which reveal that sexting is much more common among adults than among youths, with increasing prevalence among adolescents as they grow older. The paper then looks at the current state of sexting research by reviewing all 50 sexting papers in the PsycINFO and PubMed databases published between 2009 and 2013 regarding their coverage of the risks and/or opportunities associated with sexting. Most of the papers (79%) address adolescent sexting as risky behavior and link it to sexual objectification and violence, to risky sexual behavior, and to negative consequences like bullying by peers and criminal prosecution under child pornography laws. In opposition to this deviance discourse, a normalcy discourse is appearing in the literature that interprets sexting as normal intimate communication within romantic and sexual relationships, both among adults and adolescents who are exploring and growing into adult relationships. Next, the paper analyzes the sexting risk prevention messages of 10 online educational campaigns. Such campaigns typically rely on scare scenarios, emphasize the risk of bullying and criminal prosecution, engage in female victim blaming, and recommend complete abstinence from sexting. The paper closes by questioning the abstinence approach in sexting education, and makes suggestions on how to move towards an evidence-based approach to sexting risk prevention that acknowledges both adolescents' vulnerability and sexual agency.
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