On the 15 th of June 2006, the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome and it has been collecting data since July 2006. The instrument allows precision studies of the charged cosmic radiation to be conducted over a wide energy range (100 MeV-100's GeV) with high statistics. The primary scientific goal is the measurement of the antiproton and positron energy spectrum in order to search for exotic sources, such as dark matter particle annihilations. PAMELA is also searching for primordial antinuclei (anti-helium), and testing cosmic-ray propagation models through precise measurements of the antiparticle energy spectrum and precision studies of light nuclei and their isotopes. Moreover, PAMELA is investigating phenomena connected with solar and earth physics. Results of the antiproton and positron data will be presented.

Consumers highly appreciate table grapes for their pleasant sensory attributes and as good sources of nutritional and functional compounds. This explains the rising market and global interest in this product. Along with other fruits and vegetables, table grapes are considerably perishable post-harvest due to the growth of undesired microorganisms. Among the microbial spoilers, Botrytis cinerea represents a model organism because of its degrading potential and the huge economic losses caused by its infection. The present review provides an overview of the recent primary physical, chemical, and biological control treatments adopted against the development of B. cinerea in table grapes to extend shelf life. These treatments preserve product quality and safety. This article also focuses on the compliance of different approaches with organic and sustainable production processes. Tailored approaches include those that rely on controlled atmosphere and the application of edible coating and packaging, as well as microbial-based activities. These strategies, applied alone or in combination, are among the most promising solutions in order to prolong table grape quality during cold storage. In general, the innovative design of applications dealing with hurdle technologies holds great promise for future improvements.

We report in this study the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the amplification of the genomic DNA, isolated from thymic tissue, using the primers flanking HTLV-I/II tax-rex genes and the sequence method to analyze the HTLV-I pol sequence of 27 Italian patients with myasthenia gravis. These molecular methods showed that 92.5% of patients tested positive for tax gene and 55% for pol genes; 55.5% samples were positive for both the tax gene of HTLV-I/II, and the pol gene of HTLV-I. Histologic investigation of the thymus showed that 15 samples had thymic hyperplasia, 93% tested positive for the tax gene, and 40% tested positive for both the tax and pol genes of HTLV-I. In contrast, 91.6% of thymoma-positive samples were positive for tax gene I/II and 75% positive for both genes, tax and pol type I. The sequence analysis of PCR product for tax and pol genes confirmed that these amplified products were HTLV-I, with minimal variations. Our date suggested that either HTLV-I or part of the virus genome is involved in the etiopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.

Using a prospective audit, we have evaluated the efficacy of an integrated autotransfusion regimen which comprised predepositing and intra- and postoperative blood salvage in major orthopaedic surgery. We examined prospectively the records of 1785 patients (1198 females, 5867 males, mean age 62 (range 16-90) yr, preoperative haemoglobin concentration 13.4 (SD 1.4) g dl-1) undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA, 1229 patients), THA after removal of internal fixation devices (RFD + THA, 18 patients), total knee arthroplasty (TKA, 263 patients), revision surgery of the hip (HR cup + stem revision, 197 patients; cup revision, 53 patients; stem revision, 16 patients) and total knee revision (TKR, nine patients). We estimated that the number of predonations (MSBOS = maximum surgery blood order schedule) was 2 u. for THA, TKA and TKR, and 3 u. for partial or total hip revision and total hip arthroplasty with fixation removal. We found that it was possible to obtain the MSBOS in 1597 patients (89.5%). Homologous red blood cell (HRBC) transfusions were carried out in 131 patients (7.3%). We found that the need to use HRBC was significantly associated with failure to meet the number of MSBOS, female sex, lower preoperative haemoglobin concentration, use of calcium heparin for antithrombosis prophylaxis, more extensive surgery, higher ASA rating and co-existing diseases such as coronary artery disease.

Botrytis cinerea, responsible for grey mold, represents the first biological cause of fruit and vegetable spoilage phenomena in post-harvest. Kiwifruit is a climacteric fruit particularly prone to this mold infestation during storage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are food-grade bacteria that can synthesize several metabolites with antimicrobial activity and are, therefore, suggested as promising and eco-friendly resources for the bio-control of molds on fruits and vegetables. In this work, we propose the screening of a collection of 300 LAB previously isolated from traditional sourdoughs for their ability to counteract in vitro the growth of Botrytis cinerea CECT 20973. Only 2% of tested LAB strains belonging to Lactiplantibacillus plantarum species, exerted a strong antagonism against B. cinerea. The cell-free supernatants were partially characterized and results clearly indicated that high levels of lactic acid contributed to the antagonistic activity. PAN01 and UFG 121 cell-free supernatants were investigated as potential bio-control agents in a preliminary in vivo assay using freshly cut kiwifruits as a food model. The application of cell-free supernatants allowed to delay the growth of B. cinerea on artificially contaminated kiwifruits until two weeks. The antagonistic activity was greatly affected by the storage temperature (25 °C and 4 °C) selected for the processed fruits, suggesting the importance to include microbial-based solution in a broader framework of hurdle technologies.

Winemaking depends on several elaborate biochemical processes that see as protagonist either yeasts or lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of oenological interest. In particular, LAB have a fundamental role in determining the quality chemical and aromatic properties of wine. They are essential not only for malic acid conversion, but also for producing several desired by-products due to their important enzymatic activities that can release volatile aromatic compounds during malolactic fermentation (e.g., esters, carbonyl compounds, thiols, monoterpenes). In addition, LAB in oenology can act as bioprotectors and reduce the content of undesired compounds. On the other hand, LAB can affect wine consumers’ health, as they can produce harmful compounds such as biogenic amines and ethyl carbamate under certain conditions during fermentation. Several of these positive and negative properties are species- and strain-dependent characteristics. This review focuses on these aspects, summarising the current state of knowledge on LAB’s oenological diversity, and highlighting their influence on the final product’s quality and safety. All our reported information is of high interest in searching new candidate strains to design starter cultures, microbial resources for traditional/typical products, and green solutions in winemaking. Due to the continuous interest in LAB as oenological bioresources, we also underline the importance of inoculation timing. The considerable variability among LAB species/strains associated with spontaneous consortia and the continuous advances in the characterisation of new species/strains of interest for applications in the wine sector suggest that the exploitation of biodiversity belonging to this heterogeneous group of bacteria is still rising.

Manufacturing of probiotics and functional foods using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that overproduce vitamin B 2 has gained growing interest due to ariboflavinosis problems affecting populations of both developing and affluent countries. Two isogenic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, namely a riboflavin-producing parental strain (UFG9) and a roseoflavin-resistant strain (B2) that carries a mutation in the FMN-aptamer of the potential rib operon riboswitch, were analysed for production and intraand extracellular accumulation of flavins, as well as for regulation of the rib operon expression. Strain B2 accumulated in the medium one of the highest levels of riboflavin+FMN ever reported for LAB, exceeding by ~25 times those accumulated by UFG9. Inside the cells, concentration of FAD was similar in both strains, while that of riboflavin+FMN was ~8-fold higher in B2. Mutation B2 could decrease the stability of the aptamer's regulatory P1 helix even in the presence of the effector, thus promoting the antiterminator structure of the riboswitch ON state. Although the B2-mutant riboswitch showed an impaired regulatory activity, it retained partial functionality being still sensitive to the effector. The extraordinary capacity of strain B2 to produce riboflavin, together with its metabolic versatility and probiotic properties, can be exploited for manufacturing multifunctional foods.

Background: Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to colonisation by undesired microflora, which, in pre- and post-harvest conditions, negatively impacts on the quality of these products, leading to a reduction of yield, shelf-life and marketability. In the last years, the use of microbial Biological Control Agents (BCAs) has assumed international relevance in order to control harmful microorganisms, as a promising alternative to chemical interventions. Objective: The purposes of this review is to discuss the microbial-based solutions applicable for the biocontrol of the main microbial spoilers, phytopathogens, and human food-borne pathogens affecting fruits and vegetables during their production and storage. Results: A comprehensive overview of the scientific literature investigating the effectiveness of BCA-based products available on the market is provided, as well as of the most recent patents protecting biotechnological applications in this field. Innovative trends are discussed, with a particular focus on the integration of BCAs to minimise spoilage phenomena and microbiological risks adopting combined approaches. Conclusion: This study underlines the growing interest about biocontrol strategies to counteract the growth of spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms indicating that in the next years a considerable increase of commercial products and patents will worldwide developed to exploit innovative biotechnological solutions in the sector.