Figure 1: SAX Navigator shows the hierarchical clustering result for 2,000 astronomical observations (i.e., time series). Tree diagram (a) showing the global patterns derived from the hierarchical clustering of all time series. Tree branches are highlighted based on the user-specified pattern expressed in the visual query interface (b). Each tree node features a cluster heat map (c) representing the general shape of all time series in the cluster. A details-on-demand display (d) shows local observations of a single cluster. ABSTRACTComparing many long time series is challenging to do by hand. Clustering time series enables data analysts to discover relevance between and anomalies among multiple time series. However, even after reasonable clustering, analysts have to scrutinize correlations between clusters or similarities within a cluster. We developed SAX Navigator, an interactive visualization tool, that allows users to hierarchically explore global patterns as well as individual observations across large collections of time series data. Our visualization provides a unique way to navigate time series that involves a "vocabulary of patterns" developed by using a dimensionality reduction technique, Symbolic Aggregate approXimation (SAX). With SAX, the time series data clusters efficiently and is quicker to query at scale. We demonstrate the ability of SAX Navigator to analyze patterns in large time series data based on three case studies for an astronomy data set. We verify the usability of our system through a think-aloud study with an astronomy domain scientist.
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