74ItTAbstract: Linear dynamic wave and diffusion wave to arbitrarily large flow increases. As wave amplitude analytical solutions are obtained for a small, abrupt increases the monoclinal rating curve diverges from flow increase from an initial to a higher steady flow.that for a linear wave, and the maximum Froude num-Equations for the celerities of points along the wave ber and energy gradient along the profile increase and profiles are developed from the solutions and related move toward the leading edge. A monoclinal-diffuto the kinematic wave and dynamic wave celerities. sion solution is developed for the diffusion wave equa-The linear solutions are compared systematically in a tions, and dynamic wave-diffusion wave compariseries of case studies to evaluate the differences sons are made over a range of amplitudes with the caused by inertia. These comparisons use the celerisame case studies used for linear waves. General ties of selected profile points, the paths of these points dimensionless monoclinal-diffusion profiles exist for on the x-t plane, and complete profiles at selected each depth ratio across the wave, while correspondtimes, indicating general agreement between the soluing monoclinal wave profiles exhibit minor, casetions. Initial diffusion wave inaccuracies persist over specific Froude number dependence. Inertial effects on relatively short time and distance scales that increase the monoclinal profiles occur near the leading edge, with both the wave diffusion coefficient and Froude increase with the wave amplitude and Froude number, number. The nonlinear monoclinal wave solution parand are responsible for the differences between the allels that of the linear dynamic wave but is applicable dimensionless profiles. Cover-Abrupt river wave moving downstream in the Sacandaga River (New York) near its confluence with the Hudson River. This surge was formed by a sudden flow increase of Stewarts Bridge Dam several kilometers upstream. (Photo by M Ferrick.)
In 2004/2005 local partnership boards requested West Midlands South and Birmingham & The Black Country Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) to review and report back on the circumstances of adults with a learning disability placed out of area.There are currently 623 known adults with learning disability living out of area at an annual cost to commissioning services of £35 million. In 1993 the Mansell Report predicted major problems and potential consequences relating to future planning of services for people with learning disabilities and complex needs.Twelve years on this has become a reality, as more people are living in highercost services away from their original district and families.There
is no evidence from this review that out-of-area services are any worse or any better than local services.The review does not set out to make a direct comparison of out-of-area placements and services provided locally, nor does it reflect on the number of people being imported into the West Midlands.With lack of monitoring and reviewing of placements, many people have been left solely to the care of provider organisations. Commissioners of services are becoming reliant on the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI) to raise any concerns with them.This review calls for specific action to be taken now to reverse this trend of increasing out-of-area placements and to make more cost-effective local solutions.
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