Background: Concussion symptoms in adolescents typically resolve within 4 weeks. However, 20 – 30% of adolescents experience a prolonged recovery. Abnormalities in tracts implicated in visuospatial attention and emotional regulation (i.e., inferior longitudinal fasciculus, ILF; inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, IFOF; uncinate fasciculus; UF) have been consistently reported in concussion; yet, to date, there are no objective markers of prolonged recovery in adolescents. Here, we evaluated the utility of diffusion MRI in outcome prediction. Forty-two adolescents (12.1 – 17.9 years; female: 44.0%) underwent a diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) protocol within the first 10 days of concussion. Based on days of injury until medical clearance, adolescents were then categorized into SHORT (<28 days; N = 21) or LONG (>28 days; N = 21) recovery time. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the ILF, IFOF, UF, and/or concussion symptoms were used as predictors of recovery time (SHORT, LONG). Forty-two age- and sex-matched healthy controls served as reference. Higher FA in the ILF (left: adjusted odds ratio; AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.15 – 0.91, P = 0.030; right: AOR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.10 – 0.83, P = 0.021), IFOF (left: AOR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.07 – 0.66, P = 0.008; right: AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.11 – 0.83, P = 0.020), and UF (left: AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.09 – 0.74, P = 0.011; right: AOR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.10 – 0.73, P = 0.010) was associated with SHORT recovery. In additional analyses, while adolescents with SHORT recovery did not differ from HC, those with LONG recovery showed lower FA in the ILF and IFOF (P < 0.014). Notably, inclusion of dMRI findings increased the sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.93) of a prediction model including clinical variables only (AUC = 0.75). Our findings indicate that higher FA in long associative tracts (especially ILF) might inform a more objective and accurate prognosis for recovery time in adolescents following concussion.
Introduction Treatment approaches for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have evolved to focus on active and targeted therapies, but the effect of compliance with therapy has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of patient compliance with prescribed therapies on clinical outcomes following mTBI. Materials and Methods Participants were aged 18-60 years with chronic (ie, 6+ months) mTBI symptoms who were previously recalcitrant (n = 66). Participants were diagnosed with a vestibular disorder and were prescribed vestibular and exertion therapies. Participants were instructed to continue the exercise regimen during the 6-month treatment phase at home. Participant compliance was evaluated by clinicians at patients’ follow up visit as: (1) high, (2) moderate, or (3) low compliance based on patient report and clinician interview. High-compliance was compared to a combined low- and moderate-compliance group on the outcomes using a 2 (group) × 2 (time) analysis of variance. Results 39 of the 66 (59%) participants with vestibular disorder returned for a 6-month evaluation and were included in the analyses. Of these 39 participants, 16 (41%) were high-compliance (36.7 ± 10.9 years, 18.8% female), 17 (44%) were moderate-compliance (32.5 ± 5.5 years, 23.5% female), and 6 (15%) were low-compliance (32.7 ± 3.3 years, 0% female). Conclusion High compliance significantly reduced total Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening scores compared to low/middle compliance (P = .005). Post-Concussion Symptom Scale was reduced by 48% and dizziness symptoms reduced by 31% in the high-compliance cohort. High compliance with prescribed exertion/vestibular rehabilitation therapies enhanced clinical outcomes for previously recalcitrant patients with chronic mTBI-related vestibular disorders.
Background: Sleep dysfunction (SD) is associated with a high symptom burden and lower neurocognitive performance after concussion and on baseline testing without injury. However, few studies have compared concussed athletes and controls with and without SD on clinical outcomes. Objective: To evaluate differences in clinical outcomes among both concussed athletes and matched controls with and without SD. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants: Participants aged 12 to 20 years were recruited from a concussion clinic (n = 50 patients) and research registry/flyers (n = 50 healthy age-/sex-matched controls). Participants were categorized by self-reported SD into one of 4 groups: sport-related concussion (SRC) + SD, SRC only, SD only, and controls. Main Outcome Measures: Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Vestibular/Oculomotor Screening (VOMS), and neurocognitive testing (Immediate Postconcussion Assessment Cognitive Test). Results: Compared with the SRC only group, the SRC + SD group performed worse on all neurocognitive domains, had a higher total symptom score, and endorsed more symptoms on most VOMS items. In addition, the SRC + SD group was at an increased likelihood of having at least 1 abnormal VOMS item compared with SRC only group. The SRC only group had neurocognitive test scores and symptom reports statistically similar to the SD only group. Conclusion: Sleep dysfunction after concussion is related to worse neurocognitive performance and higher concussion symptom reporting. This study extended findings to suggest vestibular symptomology is worse among athletes with SD after injury compared to injured athletes without SD. Similar performances on concussion assessments for the SRC only and SD only groups suggest SD may appear similar to clinical presentation of concussion, even at baseline in the absence of SRC.
Purpose Purpose: Children under age 11 participate in sports with a risk of concussion. Tools are limited for assessment. Clinicians rely on exam for management and return to play. Researchers have started assessment adaptation: Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-5 Child (SCAT-5 Child) (Davis et al., 2017) and Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) (Mucha et al., 2014). The purpose of this study was to compare scores on components of the SCAT-5 Child, Pediatric VOMS, and SCAT-5 Parent. Methods Method: Participants included 59 children (M-33/26-F) aged 5-10 (7.50±1.17) within 30 days from concussion. Participants completed the SCAT-5 Child, SCAT-5 parent, and Pediatric VOMS at all visits. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate population characteristics. Paired t-tests were used to compare measures. Results Results: 42.6% (n=25) reported symptoms on VOMS at first visit. Only 10.0% reported symptom on VOMS (p=.003) at second visit. VOMS scores were improved across visits (p=.003). Participants reported decreases in symptom severity (p<.001) and number (p<.001) on the SCAT-5 Child across visits. Parents reported decreases in symptom severity (p=.009) and number (p=.005). Both children (p=.001) and parents (p=.001) reported significant increases in BTN% across visits. Participants and parent reported similar scores in number of symptoms, severity, and BTN% on the SCAT-5 at both visits. Conclusion Conclusions: Results demonstrate the Pediatric VOMS assessment is useful to evaluate vestibular/ocular impairment. The SCAT-5 Child and Parent do not evaluate these areas. Symptom ratings decrease and are similar between parent and child, indicating this measure remains consistent across reporters. Findings highlight needed expansion of clinical assessments and research in pediatrics.
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