Numerous wearable devices have been applied in people's daily lives. As the core component of wearable devices, flexible pressure sensors play an especially important role in various fields because of their excellent adaptability to the environment. Various high‐performance flexible pressure sensors have been developed, and much research is still being conducted to increase the performance of flexible pressure sensors. A variety of materials with excellent properties have been created, many advanced manufacturing methods have been developed, and different microstructures have been attempted and applied to flexible pressure sensors. To optimize the performance of sensors, flexible pressure sensors with bionic microstructures from the perspective of bionics have attracted increasing attention, which can bring new designs and improve the performance. This paper mainly summarizes various kinds of flexible pressure sensors with bionic structures developed in recent years. The main contents include the following parts: an introduction to the current state‐of‐the‐art flexible pressure sensors; substrate and active materials, sensing mechanisms, key parameters, and sensitivity optimization strategies; various kinds of bionic microstructures applied to flexible pressure sensors and characterization of the performance; applications of flexible pressure sensors; and prospects and potential challenges of flexible pressure sensors.

Background and aims Asparagaceae subfamily Nolinoideae is an economically important plant group, however, the deep relationships and evolutionary history of the lineage remains poorly understood. Based on a large data set including 37 newly sequenced samples and publicly available plastomes, this study aims to better resolve the inter-tribal relationships of Nolinoideae, and to rigorously examine the tribe level monophyly of Convallarieae, Ophiopogoneae, and Polygonateae. Methods Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods were employed to infer phylogenetic relationships of Nolinoideae at the genus level and above. The diversification history of Nolinoideae was explored using molecular dating. Key results Both ML and BI analyses identically recovered five clades within Nolinoideae, respectively corresponding to Dracaeneae + Rusceae, Polygonateae + Theropogon, Ophiopogoneae, Nolineae, and Convallarieae excluding Theropogon, and most deep nodes were well supported. As Theropogon was embedded in Polygonateae, the plastome phylogeny failed to resolve Convallarieae and Polygonateae as reciprocally monophyletic. Divergence time estimation showed that the origins of most Nolinoideae genera were dated to the Miocene and Pliocene. The youthfulness of Nolinoideae genera is well-represented in the three herbaceous tribes (Convallarieae, Ophiopogoneae, and Polygonateae) chiefly distributed in the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere, as the median stem ages of all the 14 genera currently belonging to them were estimated less than 12.37 Ma. Conclusions This study recovered a robust backbone phylogeny, providing new insights for better understanding the evolution and classification of Nolinoideae. Compared with the deep relationships recovered by a previous study based on transcriptomic data, our data suggest that ancient hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting may have occurred in the early diversification of Nolinoideae. Our findings will provide important reference for further study of the evolutionary complexity of Nolinoideae using nuclear genomic data. The recent origin of these herbaceous genera currently belonging to Convallarieae, Ophiopogoneae, and Polygonateae provides new evidence to support the hypothesis that the global expansion of temperate habitats caused by the climate cooling over the past 15 Ma may have dramatically driven lineage diversification and speciation in the Northern Hemisphere temperate flora.

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Background Paris yunnanensis (Melanthiaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant of significant pharmaceutical importance. Due to previous taxonomic confusion, a congeneric species, Paris liiana, has been mistaken for P. yunnanensis and cultivated on a large scale, leading to the mixing of commercial products (i.e., seedlings and processed rhizomes) of P. yunnanensis with those of P. liiana. This may have adverse effects on quality control in the standardization of P. yunnanensis productions. As the lack of PCR amplifiable genomic DNA within processed rhizomes is an intractable obstacle to the authentication of P. yunnanensis products using PCR-based diagnostic tools, this study aimed to develop a PCR-free method to authenticate commercial P. yunnanensis products, by applying genome skimming to generate complete plastomes and nrDNA arrays for use as the molecular tags. Results Based on a dense intraspecies sampling of P. liiana and P. yunnanensis, the robustness of the proposed authentication systems was evaluated by phylogenetic inferences and experimental authentication of commercial seedling and processed rhizome samples. The results indicate that the genetic criteria of both complete plastomes and nrDNA arrays were consistent with the species boundaries to achieve accurate discrimination of P. yunnanensis and P. liinna. Owing to its desirable accuracy and sensitivity, genome skimming can serve as an effective and sensitive tool for monitoring and controlling the trade of P. yunnanensis products. Conclusion This study provides a new way to solve the long-standing problem of the molecular authentication of processed plant products due to the lack of PCR amplifiable genomic DNA. The proposed authentication system will support quality control in the standardization of P. yunnanensis products in cultivation and drug production. This study also provides molecular evidence to clarify the long-standing taxonomic confusion regarding the species delimitation of P. yunnanensis, which will contribute to the rational exploration and conservation of the species.

Background Lilium (Liliaceae) is an economically important genus with great medicinal, ornamental, and edible values, however evolutionary history of the genus remains poorly understood due to the lack of robust phylogeny. Based on a large plastome data set, this study aims to recover a robust backbone phylogeny of the genus to infer its historical biogeography and evolutionary diversification. Results Complete plastomes representing 50 currently accepted species in the genus Lilium were sampled for phylogenetic analysis, among which, plastomes representing 14 species were newly sequenced in this study. Under time-calibrated phylogenetic framework, biogeographic scenarios and evolutionary diversification of Lilium were explored. Phylogenetic analysis recovered a backbone phylogeny of Lilium, in which most nodes were fully supported; however, failed to resolve all intrageneric sections as monophyletic. Ancestral area reconstruction proposed that the ancestor of Lilium might widely distribute throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and has experienced multiple dispersal, extinction, and vicariance events during the evolutionary course. The rate of species diversification has sharply accelerated since the late Miocene (ca. 9 Ma) and kept increasing in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Conclusions The results suggest that ancient climatic changes and geological tectonic activities, such as the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO), the late Miocene global cooling, as well as the successive uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the enhancement of monsoonal climate in East Asia during the late Miocene and the Pliocene, jointly shaped the distribution range and drove evolutionary radiation of Lilium. Resulted from radiative divergence and distant dispersal events, the genus may have experienced incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and morphological convergence. The uplift of QTP and enhancement of monsoonal climate dramatically triggered radiative divergence of species, accounting for the higher Lilium species diversity in East Asia than in Central Asia, Europe, and North America. The findings shed light on the crucial role of the unique Neogene geological and climatic events in East Asia, such as the uplift of QTP and the establishment of monsoonal climate, in shaping the uneven distribution of plant diversity in the Northern Hemisphere.

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