An empirical formula is proposed for the calculation of the viscosity of glycerol-water mixture for mass concentrations in the range of 0-100% and temperatures varying from 0 to 100 °C. It compares well with three databases available in the literature, and its application procedure is also simpler than other previously developed correlations.

Engineers. It incorporates referee's comments but changes resulting from the publishing process, such as copyediting, structural formatting, may not be reflected in this document.

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The resistance induced by simulated emergent vegetation in open channel flows have been interpreted differently in the literature, largely due to inconsistent uses of velocity and length scales in the definition of friction factor or drag coefficient and Reynolds number. By drawing analogies between pipe flows and vegetated channel flows, this study proposes a new friction function with the Reynolds number that is redefined using a vegetation-related hydraulic radius. The new relation is useful for consolidating various experimental data across a wide range of vegetation density.The results clearly show a monotonic decrease of the drag coefficient with the new Reynolds number, which is qualitatively comparable to other drag coefficient Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: Revised MS (2nd revision).doc relations for non-vegetated flows. This study also proposed a procedure for correcting sidewall and bed effects in the evaluation of vegetation drag.