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Background: Bone metastasis is one of the most common complications of Prostate cancer (PCa). The detection of distal bone metastasis at the time of initial PCa diagnosis is valuable for the determination of therapeutic methods and for the prognosis of PCa. Many current therapeutic methods target PCa bone metastasis, but no uniform evaluation standard for therapeutic efficacy has been established; in addition, traditional therapeutic evaluation standards that rely on changes in the measured tumor volume are quite controversial. In clinical practice, the volumes of some tumors often change nonsignificantly at the early stage of therapy (especially targeted therapy),while the volumes of other tumors, such as metastatic bone lesions, are difficult to measure. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) not only reflects the diffusion characteristics of tissues but can also allow the analysis of microstructural and functional changes in tissues. Therefore, DWI is suitable for evaluations of early responses to tumor therapy. Objective: This study mainly reviews the principle of DWI and its progress in the detection and therapy evaluation of PCa bone metastasis. Methods: PubMed was searched to identify eligible articles up to December 26, 2020. The keywords of the analysis included DWI, PCa, bone metastasis, therapeutic response, targeted therapy, bone scintigraphy (BS), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Results: This review based on collected articles achieved an imaging biomarker for detection and therapy evaluation of PCa bone metastasis. Conclusion : DWI is a promising imaging method for the detection and therapeutic evaluation of PCa bone metastases.

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Understanding how structural connectivity alterations affect aberrant dynamic function using network control theory will provide new mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The study included 140 drug-naive schizophrenia patients and 119 healthy controls (HCs). The average controllability (AC) quantifying capacity of brain regions/networks to shift the system into easy-to-reach states was calculated based on white matter connectivity and was compared between patients and HCs as well as functional network topological and dynamic properties. The correlation analysis between AC and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) were conducted to characterize the controllability progression pattern without treatment effects. Relative to HCs, patients exhibited reduced AC in multiple nodes, mainly distributed in default mode network (DMN), visual network (VN), and subcortical regions, and increased AC in somatomotor network. These networks also had impaired functional topology and increased temporal variability in dynamic functional connectivity analysis. Longer DUP was related to greater reductions of AC in VN and DMN. The current study highlighted potential structural substrates underlying altered functional dynamics in schizophrenia, providing a novel understanding of the relationship of anatomic and functional network alterations.