The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and a combined (static and dynamic) stretch protocol on vertical jump (VJ) height, balance, and range of motion (ROM) in dancers. A no-stretch (NS) intervention acted as the control condition. It was hypothesized that the DS and combination stretch protocols would have more positive effects on performance indicators than SS and NS, and SS would have negative effects as compared to the NS condition. Ten trained female dancers (27 ± 5 years of age) were tested on four occasions. Each session began with initial measurements of hamstring ROM on the dominant leg. The participants subsequently carried out a cardiovascular (CV) warm-up, which was followed by one of the four randomly selected stretch conditions. Immediately after the stretch intervention the participants were tested on VJ performance, hamstring ROM, and balance. The data showed that DS (p < 0.05) and the combination stretch (p < .05) produced significantly greater VJ height scores as compared to SS, and the combination stretch demonstrated significantly enhanced balance performance as compared to SS (p < 0.05). With regard to ROM, a one-way ANOVA indicated that SS and the combination stretch displayed significantly greater changes in ROM than DS (p < 0.05). From comparison of the stretch protocols used in the current study, it can be concluded that SS does not appear to be detrimental to a dancer's performance, and DS has some benefits but not in all three key area's tested, namely lower body power (VJ height), balance, and range of motion. However, combination stretching showed significantly enhanced balance and vertical jump height scores and significantly improved pre-stretch and post-stretch ROM values. It is therefore suggested that a combined warm-up protocol consisting of SS and DS should be promoted as an effective warm-up for dancers.
These findings show that CR-10 "Level-6" is an appropriate method of self-regulating isometric hand-grip intensity; its use offers an affordable and accessible alternative for isometric exercise prescription aimed at reducing BP.
Determining the number of familiarization sessions required for accurate recordings of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and autonomic function is a prerequisite for the appropriate design of intervention studies. The benefit of familiarization trials remains largely unexplored. The objective of the current investigation was to assess the reproducibility of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, 24-h heart rate variability (HRV) and resting measurements of HRV and blood pressure variability (BPV). Eleven prehypertensive and hypertensive adults participated. Ambulatory blood pressure and HRV were measured across 24 h on four occasions. In addition, 5-min resting measures of HRV and BPV were recorded and analysed. Variability between consecutive pairs of trials was calculated. The typical error induced by ambulatory recordings of systolic blood pressure reduced over time (3.8-2.8 mmHg). The greatest effect of familiarization was observed at night. Ambulatory HRV was more reproducible than resting measures. The most reproducible markers were root mean square of successive differences [coefficient of variation (CV): 13.2-10%] and high frequency normalized units (CV: 15.2-6.4%), with the percentage of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50 ms showing the poorest reproducibility (CV: 23.9-20.7%). Overall BPV (SD) was more reproducible than the frequency domain low frequency component. Familiarization trials are required for the most accurate recordings of both 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and HRV. Ambulatory HRV provide superior reproducibility to resting measurements.
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