Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic debilitating infectious disease affecting more than one third of the global population. This study was designed to investigate different peripheral blood parameters and risk factors in TB patients. Methods: A total of 600 (Male, 238 and Female, 362) aging 20-80 Years patients with clinical signs of prolonged cough, chest pain and fever, were evaluated for peripheral blood parameters using hematology analyzer. All the informations related to the disease were collected from the patients and recorded using predesigned questionnaire. Results: Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes were markedly changed in both sexes. Hemoglobin was recorded lower than normal value in 55% and 53% of male and female population respectively. Total leukocyte count was also lower than normal values in 8% and 6% of male and female respectively. Similarly neutropenia was observed in 5% and 8% cases, while neutrophilia was recorded as 60% and 64% in male and female patients respectively. Lymphocytopenia was also observed in 59% and 43% patients in male and female respectively. Illiteracy, smoking habits, overcrowding and living in shared houses were the main associated risk factors contributing in the enhancement of the disease. Conclusion: The disease was present significantly more in females and was relatively higher in older patients. Different hematological parameters like Erythrocytic sedimentation Rate (ESR), platelets and leukocytes work as hallmark and help the clinicians in early diagnosis of the disease. Malnutrition, smoking tobacco, living in shared houses, illiteracy and poverty were the common risk factors contributing to the dissemination of the tuberculosis in the target area population.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a rising epidemic in Pakistan. It is a major public health problem in the country especially alongside regions bordering the neighboring Afghanistan and cities that have had the maximum influx of refugees. The purpose of our paper is to highlight the diverse clinical manifestations of the disease seen along with the geographic areas affected, where the hosts are particularly susceptible. This would also be helpful in presenting the broad spectrum of the disease for training of health care workers and help in surveillance of CL in the region. The increased clinical diversity and the spectrum of phenotypic manifestations noted underscore the fact that the diagnosis of CL should be not only considered when dealing with common skin lesions, but also highly suspected by dermatologists and even primary care physicians even when encountering uncommon pathologies. Hence, we would strongly advocate that since most of these patients present to local health care centers and hospitals, primary care practitioners and even lady health workers (LHWs) should be trained in identification of at least the common presentations of CL.

Pituitary gland involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) occurs most commonly in the form of central diabetes insipidus (CDI). However, CDI as a presenting manifestation of WG is very rare. We report two such cases; one of them had multi-organ involvement at presentation, while other developed it during follow-up. CDI was reversible following cytotoxic drug therapy in one of them.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major contagious disease caused by

Authors' Contribution SR and MI planned the proposed study. IA, NA, MAK and TRS contributed to the lab work. IA, MS and SA wrote the article. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

. It benefited from input from many people, including former and current staff working across the WHO TB network and in external partner agencies. Particular thanks are due to Jaap Broekmans and Paul Nunn for helping to describe the history of the development of the HBC lists in use in the years leading up to 2015; to Regional TB Advisers (or equivalent) and their teams in WHO Regional Offices and inter-country support teams, and to colleagues from FIND, the Global Fund, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, UNITAID and USAID, for their comments on earlier drafts; and to the more than 300 people who provided feedback via an online survey. Particular thanks are also due to Ibrahim Abubakar and Frank Cobelens, the two STAG-TB members who served as discussants on the topic of HBC lists during the June 2015 STAG-TB meeting, for their very constructive comments and recommendations.

Monitoring the certain health conditions and properly identifying the diseases are the most important steps in getting the high productions from dairy cattle. Mycotoxins are chemicals produced by fungi (molds) under certain conditions, not essential for fungal itself growth or reproduction, having toxic affects to animals and humans. More than 250 mycotoxins have been detected. For many toxins, their toxicological characteristics have not been fully determined until now. There are many kinds of mycotoxins, causing different kinds of mycotoxicoses. Mycotoxins enter into the body, usually by consumption of contaminated feed, do acts on cells causing the mycotoxicoses. Mycotoxicoses are not contagious, nor is there significant stimulation of the immune system. Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, commonly found in corn, milo, cottonseed and peanuts, while its concentrations in grains is very enough to cause acute aflatoxicosis. The five important aflatoxins are aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1. Aflatoxin is a liver poison (hepatotoxin) in all species that consume it, however, ruminants tolerate it better than do monogastrics or poultry. It causes liver damage and liver cancer at high doses. Aflatoxin exposure leads to depress the immune system, causes liver damage, liver cancer and abortions. Depression, anorexia, reduced gain or milk production, subnormal body temperature and slow rumen motility are the clinical signs of aflatoxicosis. Ingestion of ergot alkaloids contain in the sclerotia of Claviceps spp, commonly found in cereal grains causing Ergot toxicosis, leads to cause agalactia in lactating females. Fumonisins are produced by Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum, found primarily in white and yellow corn, having three kinds, fumonisins B1, B2, and B3. Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE) is a fatal disease of horses and Porcine pulmonary syndrome in swine are caused by fumonisins, through inhibition of enzymes involved in the production of sphingosine (important component of cell membranes for neurons) from sphinganine. Vomitoxin or Deoxynivalenol is produced by Fusarium roseum (F. graminearum) and F. moniliforme. It is commonly found in corn, wheat, barley, milo and rarely found in oats, hay or forages. Vomitoxin is not very toxic, associated with feed refusal and decreased feed consumption leads to affect the animal performance by inhibiting the protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Zearalenone is produced by Fusarium roseum (F. graminearum) and F. moniliforme, found in corn, wheat, barley, milo and occasionally in oats. Zearalenone is a chemical that can act similarly to the female sex hormone estrogen, leads to disrupt the estrus cycle in females, causes infertility and feminization in males, and precocious puberty in sexually immature females. Zearalenone content typically found in grains. Its production become increase due to unusual environmental conditions during the growing season and insufficiently stored dried grain usually having enough adversely effect on animals. Mycotoxins present in the feed/ration can be treated by adopting Modern agricultural practices, giving usually supportive therapy and Antidotes, giving activated charcoal to decrease the ingested mycotoxins absorption, using feed additives as mycotoxins binders, removing, stopping and preventing further exposure of contamination to animal feed.

Background: Obesity and diabetes are the main causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD). The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of obesity and diabetes on CKD and ESRD incidence and prevalence. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from 2001 to 2018. 494 articles were retrieved via PubMed and 125 articles through Google scholar and reference list of the selected articles. Among which thirty (30) studies met our inclusion criteria consisting of 17 cohorts, 11 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies.Results: Majority of the studies indicated direct relationship between body mass index (BMI) and ESRD risk. Notably, the association of obesity and diabetes potentially increases the incidence and prevalence of CKD and ESRD. Results from the cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies pointed out a positive association between obesity, diabetes and risks for renal disease outcomes. Even though many complications may occur, renal transplantation (RT) is still the preferred renal replacement therapy (RRT) advised in multiple studies for diabetic ESRD patients. Renal transplantation was associated with better quality of life and survival advantage than dialysis. Interestingly, overweight and obese ESRD patients on dialysis had a significant survival advantage in comparison to lean body weight patients. Conclusion: Taken together, obesity and diabetes are significantly associated with the increasing incidence and prevalence of CKD and ESRD. Regulation of Weight and diabetes are highly recommended in obese and diabetic patients to prevent the subsequent renal disease. Previous reviews have discussed the relationship between obesity and ESRD or diabetes and ESRD separately. However, importantly, this review gives an insight on the association between obesity, diabetes and CKD/ ESRD.