Previous studies have shown cognition to have an influence on accommodation. Temporal variation in the accommodative response occurs during the fixation on a stationary target. This constantly shifting response has been called accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMFs). The aim of this study is to determine the effects of increasing task cognitive demand on the ocular accommodation response. AMFs for 12 myopes and 12 emmetropes were measured under three conditions of varying cognitive demand and comprising reading of numbers (Num), simple arithmetic (SA), and complex arithmetic (CA). Fast Fourier transforms were used to analyze the different frequency band components of the AMFs. Other aspects of AMFs including root mean square accommodation values and chaos analysis was applied. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of cognition in the mean power of the high frequency component (HFC) (F2,44 = 10.03, p < 0.005). Pairwise analyses revealed that these differences exist between SA and CA tasks (p < 0.005) and the Num and CA (p < 0.005) tasks with the HFC power being the highest for the CA condition. It appears that the difficulty of a task does affect active accommodation but to a lesser extent than other factors affecting accommodation.

Digital eyestrain (DES), also known as computer vision syndrome, is a term used to describe where an individual has ocular and visual symptoms due to prolonged use of a range of digital display devices including computers, smartphones and tablets. 1,2 Visual symptoms include headaches, eyestrain, ocular discomfort, dry eye, diplopia and blurred vision either during or after prolonged visual display unit (VDU) use. [1][2][3][4] Numerous factors are thought to cause DES including uncorrected refractive error, 3,5

Participation in physical activities through organised sport can provide physical and mental health benefits, particularly for individuals with disabilities such as visual impairment (VI). 1 Being able to participate in a sporting activity can provide hope and a sense of accomplishment. With adequate support and opportunities, some individuals may even have the opportunity to compete nationally, internationally or at an elite Paralympic level. When competing with a disability, the impairment may influence the competition outcome, and therefore, creating an equitable competitive environment is a foundation of Paralympic sport.To ensure that competitive environments are fair, athletes are evaluated to classify the severity of their impairment. 2 The classification process determines whether an athlete is eligible to compete, and if so, which class they should compete in. Originally, athletes were classified based on the severity of their disability. Different sports, however, have specific visual demands, and so an athlete's vision profile may be more of a disadvantage in one sport than another. 3 Taking this into account, the International Paralympic Committee have asked sport federations to

Objectives This study aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to participation in vision impaired golf. Design Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 vision impaired golfers, 10 guides, and 5 novices during the British VI Golf Open tournament in August 2021. Results Qualitative content analysis identified the benefits, facilitators, and challenges of playing vision impaired golf. The role of guides and future developments of the sport were furthermore identified. The benefits extend beyond those related to health, including personal development and a sense of purpose for players and of reward for guides. Facilitators were largely organizational and having appropriate support and a guide. The challenges to playing and guiding were practical, financial, and logistical. The need to attract a more diverse range of players, along with a reconsideration of the eligibility criteria, was central to the perceived sustainability of vision impaired golf. Conclusions These results highlight the practical, financial, and logistical challenges contributing to vision impaired golf activity limitations and participation restrictions. Because of the health, personal, and psychosocial benefits, ways of providing practical, financial, and support networks to facilitate engagement in vision impaired golf should be sought. An evidence-based, sport-specific eligibility system was thought to be critical for the future promotion of vision impaired golf.