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Abstract. The efficacy of artemisinin monotherapy was studied in 227 patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. They all received artemisinin at t ϭ 0 hr, t ϭ 8 hr, and thereafter once daily; treatment was extended at random until they had taken either 5 days of artemisinin followed by 2 days of placebo (A5), or 7 days (A7) of artemisinin. The adult artemisinin dose was 500 mg; children aged Ͻ 15 years received 10 mg/kg per dose. The median (range) parasite clearance time was 39 (8-112) hr for A5 and 43 (38-104) hr for A7 (P ϭ 0.085). The recrudescence rates were similar between the groups. The lowest parasite count achieved during treatment (P term ) was associated with the occurrence of recrudescence (P ϭ 0.046, Cox regression model); it was lower for patients with a radical cure or late recrudescence than for early recrudescence (P ϭ 0.034, t-test). Artemisinin monotherapy may offer rapid recovery and fast parasite clearance, but recrudescence is frequent. Extending the duration of monotherapy from 5 days to 7 days does not reduce recrudescence.

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Let H be a Hilbert space with the inner product •, • and the norm • , A(t) a positive self-adjoint unbounded time-dependent operator on H and ε > 0. We establish stability estimates of Hölder type and propose a regularization method with error estimates of Hölder type for the ill-posed backward semilinear parabolic equationwith the source function f satisfying a local Lipschitz condition.

Optimal order stability estimates of Hölder type for the backward Caputo time-fractional abstract parabolic equations are obtained. This ill-posed problem is regularized by a non-local boundary value problem method with a priori and a posteriori parameter choice rules which guarantee error estimates of Hölder type. Numerical implementations are presented to show the validity of the proposed scheme.

This article assesses, on a province-by-province basis, whether state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are constraining the development of private firms in Vietnam. The analysis suggests the greater the density of SOEs present in a province, the more they enjoy favouritism, the lower is the proportion of bank loans that go to private companies, and the longer it takes for private firms to get access to land. There is also a negative correlation between SOE growth and private sector growth. But most importantly, the greater the density of SOEs in a particular province, the lower the GDP (and GDP per capita) growth recorded by that province. This evidence suggests that SOEs are indeed ‘crowding out’ private companies in Vietnam.

African swine fever (ASF) has been considered as one of the most important and devastating swine diseases with high mortality rates. Since effective vaccines and treatment are not available, mass euthanasia of infected and exposed pigs has been known to be the best measure to control ASF. Although composting has been proved to be a safe method for the rapid disposal of animal carcasses during outbreaks, there is no information about the effect of composting on the viability of ASF virus in swine carcasses.This study investigates the survival of the ASF virus in swine carcasses during composting. The findings suggested that the DNA of the ASF virus was detected in all samples tested. On the contrary, infectious ASF virus particles were rapidly destroyed at day 3.