A rapid and efficient procedure is outlined for in vitro clonal propagation of an elite cultivar of jewel orchid (Anoectochilus formosanus). Multiple shoot proliferation was induced in shoot tip explants on Hyponex (H3) media supplemented with 1 mg dm -3 benzyladenine or 1 -2 mg dm -3 thidiazuron (TDZ). Addition of activated charcoal (1 g dm -3 ) to the TDZ containing medium promoted multiple shoot formation (11.1 shoots per explant). However, the regenerated shoots had slow growth rate and failed to elongate. This problem was overcome by transferring the shoot clumps to a hormone free H3 medium supplemented with 2 % sucrose and 0.5 g dm -3 activated charcoal. Rooting was induced in 100 % of the regenerated shoots in the same media. The plantlets were acclimatized and established in greenhouse.

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Panax stipuleanatus Tsai is a type of medicinal plant within north-west Vietnam. In this study, inter simple sequence repeat markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity of naturally distributed populations classified by habitat for this species. Genetic diversity at the species level was moderate (H eT D 0.254; PPB T D 96.02%). Genetic diversity was not equal in two populations. The result showed higher population genetic diversity in the Lao Cai region (H eBX D 0.266; PPB BX D 91.48%) as compared to those located in Lai Chau region (H eHT D 0.235; PPB HT D 84.66%). The interpopulation gene differentiation was small (G STP D 0.03) with the genetic distance among populations was D P D 0.0103. Gene flow within populations was as high as Nm D 7.36.

This paper presented the results on induction and multiplication of embryogenic calli in liquid medium; on induction of somatic embryo, shoot/root morphogenesis of somatic embryo through culture and on multiplication of somatic embryo tissue in liquid medium.The aim of this study is to lay out the basis for large scale multiplication of these two kinds of tissues with high capable of secondary metabolite production due to their more or less morphological differentiation status.Leaf disks (about 0.5 × 0.5 cm) were cultured on the MS medium with 2 mg/l 2,4-D for callus induction. Callus was subcultured on the MS medium with 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 1 mg/l NAA + 0.2 mg/l kinetin + 10% coconut water for induction of somatic embryo tissue.The embryogenic callus was proliferated in the MS½ liquid medium with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/l NAA. Depending on the initial medium and the subsequent media, the somatic embryo tissue was cultured for development, via two directions, into population of shoots or roots. The mentioned above tissues are being cultured on shaker in big flask/bioreactor for biomass propagation.

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