Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis is

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Fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) pose a risk to human food safety and health and may cause substantial economic losses in the aquaculture industry. In Nghe An Province, Vietnam, low prevalence of FZT for fi sh farmers but high prevalence for fi sh indicate that reservoir hosts other than humans may play a role in sustaining transmission. To determine whether domestic animals may be reservoir hosts, we assessed prevalence and species composition of FZT infections in dogs, cats, and pigs in a fi sh-farming community in Vietnam. Feces from 35 cats, 80 dogs, and 114 pigs contained small trematode eggs at 48.6%, 35.0%, and 14.4%, respectively; 7 species of adult FZT were recovered from these hosts. These results, combined with data from previous investigations in this community, imply that domestic animals serve as reservoir hosts for FZT and therefore must be included in any control programs to prevent FZT infection in humans. In Asia, fi sh-borne zoonotic trematodes (FZT), including liver and intestinal fl ukes, are widely reported (1-3). FZT not only pose risks to food safety and human health but also may cause substantial economic losses in the aquaculture industry, resulting from to restrictions on exports and reduced consumer demand because of food safety concerns (4). A range of mammals and birds serve as defi nitive hosts for FZT (2). Although information on infection levels and species distribution in humans and fi sh is becoming increasingly available, similar information for reservoir hosts such as wild and domestic animals and fi sh-eating birds is scarce (1).Recent studies conducted in Nghe An Province, a major area for freshwater aquaculture in Vietnam, found prevalence of FZT in humans to be low (0.6%) and prevalence in fi sh from farms to be high (>35%) (5,6). These fi ndings suggest that reservoir hosts other than humans play a major role in sustaining transmission of FZT in this community. We therefore investigated the role of the domestic animals on these fi sh farms. We determined prevalence and species composition of FZT infections in dogs, cats, and pigs in the community and analyzed potential risk factors for the transmission of FZT to animals and animals' role in sustaining FZT infections in cultured fi sh. Materials and Methods Study Design, Sampling, and Laboratory AnalysisThe study was conducted in November 2005 in Nghe An Province, northern Vietnam (Figure 1), in fi sh-farming households previously investigated for human and fi sh FZT infections (5,6). From a total of 1,281 households, 50 were randomly selected in proportion to farm numbers in 5 districts: Hung Nguyen (n = 8), Nam Dan (n = 15), Yen Thanh (n = 9), Thanh Chuong (n = 10), and Tan Ky (n = 8). Another fi sh farm previously found to have cases of FZT in humans (5) was included, yielding a total of 51 fi sh-farming households in the study.

Fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) are widespread in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. It is now recognized that the risk of being infected from eating raw fish dishes applies not only to humans, but also to domestic animals (e.g., cats, dogs, and pigs) and fish-eating birds. The role of ducks and chicken, commonly raised on fish farms, as reservoir hosts, however, has not been adequately investigated. To study this question, chickens and ducks from integrated poultry-fish farms in Nghia Lac and Nghia Phu communes, Nam Dinh province, Vietnam were surveyed for FZT infections. A total of 50 ducks and 50 chickens from each commune were examined. Results revealed that 12% of chickens and 30% of ducks were infected with various species of trematodes, including two zoonotic species, Centrocestus formosanus and Echinostoma cinetorchis. Both occurred in chickens whereas only E. cinetorchis was found in ducks. Prevalence of these zoonotic species was 12% and 7% in ducks and chickens, respectively. Among other trematodes, Hypoderaeum conoideum, also a zoonotic fluke, was the most prevalent (20-30%). The feeding of snails and fish remains to poultry, either intentionally or by discharge of waste from the slaughter of ducks and chickens into the ponds, was identified as risk factors for trematode infection. The FZT species and low prevalence found in poultry in these communes indicate their role as reservoir hosts is minor.

Article History JEL Classification:M40, M419. This paper studies the factors affecting the timeliness of financial reports (FR) of enterprises in Vietnam. This research uses panel data with 1070 observations, at 214 companies listed on Vietnam's stock market in the period 2012 -2016. Retrieved results using the GLS method shows that there are 04 independent variables, including consolidated financial reports (CON), the audit firm (AUDIT), profitability (ROA) and the size of the business (SIZE) with relation to the timeliness of financial reports and statistical significance. There are two factors, including financial leverage (LV) and industry (INDUSTRY) which do not affect the timeliness of financial reports. In addition, the research results show that there are differences and statistical meanings in the publishing time of different types and starting times of financial reports. Based on those results, the authors have proposed a suggestion to boost the timeliness of FR.Contribution/ Originality: This study uses new estimation methodology, GLS method analysis to measure the factors affecting the timeliness of financial reports. Applying these exhaustive empirical methods result in: including consolidated financial reports, the audit firm, profitability and the size of the business with relation to the timeliness of financial reports.

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The paper analyzed the impact of earnings quality (EQ), debt maturity, investment efficiency (IE) of listed companies on Vietnam stock market thanks to the regression methods of FEM, REM and GLS and data of enterprises in the period of 2010 - 2018. The research findings have shown that EQ and debt maturity have a positive impact on EI, in which EQ has a stronger influence than debt maturity. A review of both EQ and the debt maturity for overinvestment or underinvestment indicated a positive impact and the stronger impact on overinvestment. Based on the research findings, the authors have put forth several recommendations for investors, businesses and policy makers.

This article studies the impact of the Board of Directors (BOD) on financial reporting quality (FRQ) in Vietnam listed companies. The research uses FEM, REM and GLS regression models, data collected at energy enterprises listed on the stock market in Vietnam from 2010 - 2018, with 2162 observations. The research results have found that the BOD size, BOD independence, BOD chairperson cum CEO has a positive impact on FRQ while BOD meeting frequency has a negative impact on FRQ. In addition, the audit quality, the ratio of liabilities has a positive impact on FRQ while company size has a negative impact on FRQ. Further, the percentage of female BOD members does not have an impact on FRQ. Empirical research results serve as a useful basis for enterprises to improve FRQ by considering of factors of the board of director in a more effective manner.