We are reporting a 51-year-old female patient having a history of direct carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) which was treated by internal carotid artery (ICA) ligation 17 year ago. She presented to Ho Chi Minh City University Medical Center with symptoms of recurrent CCF. The recurred CCF was supplied by multiple feeders coming from anterior, posterior communicating artery and the recanalized left ICA. Her CCF was not plausible for another surgical ligation and was referred for endovascular treatment. The fistula was eventually occluded by percutaneous embolization via the right ICA approach. Through this case, we would like to discuss about the treatment strategies of those having recurrent CCF with preexisted ICA ligation. In Vietnam, previously carotico-cavernous fistula was mainly treated with muscle occlusion, carotid artery ligation or combinations of these methods. There were reported good outcomes for treatment of CCF surgically. However, surgical repairs had carried, not only complication, but a risk of recurrence due to recanalization of the previously ligated ICA. Since the emergence of endovascular intervention, the treatment of direct CCF has evolved from surgical ligation to angiographic embolization using balloon or coils via artery route or venous access. This endovascular method currently is the treatment of choice for traumatic CCF due to its ability to preserve the carotid artery and flexibility in treatment strategy with various approaches to the fisutla.

By the moment method established previously on the basis of the statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic properties of a strongly anharmonic face-centered and body-centered cubic crystal with point defect are considered. The thermal expansion coefficient, the specific heat C v and C p , the isothermal and adiabatic compressibility, etc. are calculated. Our calculated results of the thermal expansion coefficient, the specific heat C v and C p ... of W, Nb, Au and Ag metals at various temperatures agrees well with the measured values. The anharmonic effects in extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) in the single-shell model are considered. We have obtained a new formula for anharmonic contribution to the mean square relative displacement. The anharmonicity is proportional to the temperature and enters the phase change of EXAFS. Our calculated results of Debye-Waller factor and phase change in EXAFS of Cu at various temperatures agrees well with the measured values.

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Oxygen vacancy diffusion in yttria-doped ceria (YDC) and yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ) are investigated using statistical moment method, including the anharmonicity effects of thermal lattice vibrations. The expressions of oxygen vacancy-dopant association energy and oxygen vacancy migration energy are derived in an explicit form. Calculation of the vacancy migration energy enable us to evaluate the important role of dopant cation on the oxygen vacancydiffusion. The dependences of the vacancy activation energies and diffusion coefficients in YDC and YSZ systems on dopant concentration are also discussed in detail. The calculated results are in good agreement with the other theoretical and experimental results.

To serve health care, up to now, sciences have successfully developed many drugs with different effects. In general, in terms of chemical structure and effect characteristics, medicine can be classified into groups including inorganic drugs, small-molecule organic drugs, protein drugs (macromolecules), and recently a new group of drugs has been formed, separate from the protein drug class, which is the RNA drugs. In terms of pharmacological effects, in general, the mechanisms of protein drugs and small-molecule organic drugs do not differ too much because they all act at a particular stage related to pathological manifestations. Protein drugs in the process of development have gone through many different stages, with different origins, from extraction and isolation from living tissues at an early stage to biosynthesis by recombinant technology and other modern biotechnology methods. To date, most of the proteins used in medicine have been produced through recombinant pathways, possibly through different semisynthetic steps to give the molecules more superior drug properties. Therefore, the group of protein drugs has an additional new name, biopharmaceuticals, to indicate their synthetic origin by biological methods. The research, development, and application of protein drugs into clinical practice are of great significance, helping to enhance the ability of medicine to control and treat many difficult-to-treat diseases today, bringing many opportunities to have good health for people. Keywords: Protein drugs, RNA drugs, Biopharmaceuticals, Inorganic drugs, Small-molecule organic drugs, Drug development, Cytokine, Enzyme, Hormone peptide, Stem cell, Recombinant technology, Biosimilar. *