This paper analyses the role of online satisfaction (e-satisfaction) as a mediator in the relationship between website brand equity, online brand experience (e-brand experience) and online loyalty (eloyalty) in the context of shopping online in Vietnam. The data for this study were gathered through mail questionnaires which were distributed to target participants who reported their consumption experience with shopping online through website. The survey was conducted at three big cities of Vietnam with the sample size at 928. We used structural equation model (SEM) to evaluate the suitability of the theoretical model under analysis with respect to the empirical data, and examined the significance of the hypotheses. The results showed that the estimations of the standardized regression coefficients in which e-brand experience has the largest impact on e-satisfaction and brand awareness has the biggest effect on e-loyalty. Otherwise, e-satisfaction plays a key role in mediating between website brand equity, e-brand experience and e-loyalty.

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of sea level variations around the Mekong Delta, and their causes and consequences on the environment, based on the tidal records from several stations. The results of the analysis revealed significant spatio-temporal sea level variations along the delta coast. Tidal fluctuations showed their local peaks around the river mouth with shallow bottom areas. The prevailing winds were identified as the factor governing the remarkable seasonal variability of the mean sea levels along the southern coast of the delta. From 1985 to 2010, the relative sea level along the southern coast of the delta rose by about 3.3 mm y -1 . This rate of rise combined with the effect of land subsidence renders the Mekong Delta alarmingly susceptible to frequent inundation. Moreover, the immediate impacts, including saline intrusion and occasional inundation due to seasonal sea level fluctuation, are also found to be critical and require urgent attention. These findings suggest the need to revise coastal management strategies to prioritize the immediate effects of short-term sea level fluctuations and to increase the focus on local management issues such as groundwater pumping causing land subsidence and local sea level trends in addition to the global threats.

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Ecosystem services offered by mangrove forests are facing severe risks, particularly through land use change driven by human development. Remote sensing has become a primary instrument to monitor the land use dynamics surrounding mangrove ecosystems. Where studies formerly relied on bi-temporal assessments of change, the practical limitations concerning data-availability and processing power are slowly disappearing with the onset of high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud-computing services, such as in the Google Earth Engine (GEE). This paper combines the capabilities of GEE, including its entire Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 archives and state-of-the-art classification approaches, with a post-classification temporal analysis to optimize land use classification results into gap-free and consistent information. The results demonstrate its application and value to uncover the spatio-temporal dynamics of mangrove forests and land use changes in Ngoc Hien District, Ca Mau province, Vietnamese Mekong delta. The combination of repeated GEE classification output and post-classification optimization provides valid spatial classification (94–96% accuracy) and temporal interpolation (87–92% accuracy). The findings reveal that the net change of mangroves forests over the 2001–2019 period equals −0.01% annually. The annual gap-free maps enable spatial identification of hotspots of mangrove forest changes, including deforestation and degradation. Post-classification temporal optimization allows for an exploitation of temporal patterns to synthesize and enhance independent classifications towards more robust gap-free spatial maps that are temporally consistent with logical land use transitions. The study contributes to a growing body of work advocating full exploitation of temporal information in optimizing land cover classification and demonstrates its use for mangrove forest monitoring.

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The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) comprises extensive river and canal networks, both natural and man‐made, and has a history of extensive land use change and development. The delta's wetlands are under considerable ecological stress because of hydrological changes, agricultural and aquaculture development, urban and industrial pollution, climate change, and upstream water resource development. In this paper, we review the current threats and challenges to the conservation and management of the wetlands in the VMD. We recommend that the current water management practices of the Ramsar‐listed Lang Sen Wetland Reserve are changed so that the natural flood regimes are reinstated and the risks to the community from forest fires are managed. Ongoing investment is needed to support further research, set up long‐term monitoring, and to develop hydrodynamic models for the Lang Sen Wetland Reserve so that management and conservation efforts can achieve the specific objectives for the wetland. This approach may be useful for managing other wetlands across the VMD.