Carica papaya is a plant known globally for its nutritional properties. The various part of the plant has therapeutic potential. The seed was analyzed to determine its proximate, phytochemical in-vivo activity against fungi isolates using methanol, n-hexane, ethanol and aqueous extract of the seed. The proximate analysis showed that the seed contains protein, carbohydrate, fiber, ash. The phytochemical contents tested were alkaloids, saponin, phenol, flavonoids, glycoside, tannin, anthraquinone and steroid. The in-vitro antifungal analysis activity of Carica papaya seed was determined using agar well diffusion method. The fungal isolates tested were Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium and Penicillium. All the isolates were sensitive to both extracts at different concentration. The highest zone of inhibition recorded was against Candida albicans and the least was against Fusarium 6mm. The methanol and ethanol extract had a better zone of inhibition as antifungal at the 100mg/ml than the n-hexane and aqueous extract. The seed of Carica papaya has abortifacient, emmenagogue, counter irritant and vermifuge (Singh and Ali, 2011). The seed of carica papaya has both nutritional and therapeutic benefits (Joachim et al., 2013). The seed is reported to have antibacterial and antifungal properties (Kanadi et al., 2021). Kanadi et al. (2019) in their report wrote that C. papaya seed possesses preventive measures against potassium bromated induced renal toxicity in rats. It is of great importance to assess the nutritive and medicinal use of this plant for improved usage. Fungi causes harm to different parts of the human body such as the foot, tongue, skin, nail, cardiovascular, nervous digestive and system (He et al., 2017). Fungal infections like candidiasis can be very severe and even fatal in immunocompromised patients (Wirth et al., 2008, Morace et al., 2014). There has been an increasing report of resistance of drugs to fungal infections due to drug abuse and wide usage of antifungal drugs broad spectrum like fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole (Sheikh et al., 2018). Most antifungal agents are antifungal property and could serve as alternative antifungal agent.
Helminthic infestation and malaria parasitaemia, separately or co- joined, can be present, in a host and still be asymptomatic. It is, therefore, crucial to assess the extent of co-infestation among individuals, particularly children who are most prone to parasitic infestations. Blood and Stool samples were collected from 557 pupils who were examined for intestinal helminths, malaria parasitaemia and anaemia. Formal acetate concentration method was used to analyse the stool specimens after which positive ones were further processed using Stolls method of counting helminths egg to determine the number of parasite per gram of stool. Thick film was used for malaria parasite test and malaria parasite density was calculated for the positive samples while anaemia was screened using cyanmethaemoglobin method. There were 235(42.2%) pupils co-infested with intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia Co-infestation of Ascaris lumbricoides and malaria parasitaemia 91(16.3%), and co-infection with hookworm and malaria parasitaemia 72(13.0%) had the highest prevalence. The percentage of pupils co-infested and anaemic were 130(23.3%) and is statistically significant (p > 0.05) across the communities. There was a negative correlation between haemoglobin concentrations (the indicator of anaemia), helminthic count with malaria parasite density count. This study revealed that intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia have a resurgence and concomitant infestation which constitutes a public menace. Co-infection increased the risk associated with anaemia and intensify the burden in Nigerian children. Keywords: Co-infestation, malaria parasitaemia, intestinal helminthiasis, anaemia, pupils
Infertility is a serious issue disturbing reproductive ages in all society now and calling for solution for continuity. Infertility were induced on groups of animals with separate sexes; M, M1, M2 and M3; F, F1, F2 andF3 with daily subcutaneous administration of 20 mg/kg body weight tramadol HCl for 42 days before respective ethanol root extract administrations of (500, 1000, 1500) mg/ kg body weight for 10 days. The animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed; uterus, ovaries, testes, epididymis were dissected out for histomorphological studies. There is evidence of dose treatment of infertility among treated groups. From the organ weight study, both the male and the female organ weight in the groups remained significantly unchanged. There are dose dependent treatments with the male and female tramadol treatment. The result is more pronounced in the increased dose of ethanol root extract (1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/ kg) body weight treated testicular cells. This study indicated that Morinda lucida has a prophylactic effect against tramadol-induced testicular damage.
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