Paraquat has been considered as a toxicant in various countries, since it is not only intensely harmful but yet promptly accessible and generally cheap. Vitamin C and E are notable cancer prevention agents that respond rapidly to free radical and maximally forestall lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative impact of vitamin E and C in paraquat induced liver poisoning in rat. A total of 200 male wistar rats were obtained for the study. With 50 rats each, the rats were arranged into four grougs: A, B, C, and D. Each group was partitioned into two subgroups (0 and VEC), each with 25 rodents. The "A" group was not treated with paraquat, while the "B," "C," and "D" groups got 0.02g, 0.04g, and 0.06g of paraquat treatment respectively. All the "0" subgroups were those not treated with Vit E and C and all “VEC” subgroups were those treated with 500mg of vitamin E and 2000mg/dl of vitamin C. The paraquat treatment was administered once every 2 weeks for 3 months, followed by one month of week by week vitamin E and C treatment. Blood was drawn for SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and GGT testing. At p-value of 0.05, there was a significant increase in the activities of liver enzymes among the "A0", "B0", "C0", and "D0" groups. There was a significant decrease (P-value<0.05) in the activities of liver enzymes in “VEC” subgroups. This study uncovered that vitamin E and C combined treatment ameliorated the Paraquat induced liver injury in rats.
The liver is an essential organ involved in anabolic and catabolic processes in the body. Substance like paraquat is injurious to the liver by way of oxidative damage. Vitamin E and C are known antioxidant used to tackle oxidative stress. The aim of this study was focused at evaluating the antidotal benefit of vitamin E and C in the treatment of paraquat intoxication in rat. Exactly 200 rats were obtained and grouped into four main groups (A, B, C and D) with each group having 50 rats. Except “A” group which was the control, all groups were treated with paraquat in doses of 0.02g, 0.04g and 0.06g respectively every 2 weeks for 3 months. All groups were subdivided into two groups designated as “0” and “VEC” amounting to a total of 8 subgroups. All subgroups with “VEC” designation were treated with 500mg of vitamin E and 2000mg/dl of vitamin C weekly for 3 months. Blood samples collected after treatment duration were via cardiac puncture and blood was assayed for liver enzyme activities. Results revealed that there was a significant increase (p-value<0.05) in liver enzyme activities among the groups (A0, B0, C0 and D0). Also, there was a significant drop in liver enzyme activities after vitamin E and C supplementation.
Aim: To study the effect of exposure to crude oil on the liver, ovary, and some oxidative stress parameters in albino rats. Study Design: A total of 50 female albino rats were used in the experiment. The rats were grouped into three: The control group which consisted of 10 rats, the low dose group which consisted of 20 rats, and the high dose group also consisted of 20 rats. The low dosage group was orally administered 1.5 mL crude oil mixed with 300 grams of rat feeds (0.005 mL/g) and the high dosage group was orally administered 3.0 mL crude oil mixed with 300 grams of rat feeds (0.01mL/g), while the control group was fed with normal rat feeds. The treated feeds were given once a day for 35 days. Place of Study: The study was carried out in the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methodology: On the 36th day, the rats were sacrificed and then 5mL of blood from each rat was collected by cardiac puncture into labeled lithium heparin bottles for liver enzymes assay, hormonal assay, and oxidative stress parameters assay, while the livers and ovaries were harvested and fixed in 10% formal saline before tissue processing and histological examinations using H&E staining technique. The collected blood specimens were spun; the plasma was extracted and analyzed in the laboratory for Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, Malondialdyde (MDA), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad prism version 8.02. Results: Significantly higher plasma levels of AST, ALT, and MDA in the treated groups, except for ALP which was only significantly higher in the high-dose group. FSH, LH, Prolactin, and SOD indicated significantly lower levels in the crude oil-treated rats. The histological examinations showed marked distortion in the architecture of the livers and ovaries of the treated groups, also, there was a reduction in ovarian cellularity and massive degenerated tissues. Conclusion: It is shown that exposure to crude oil contaminants orally could have a significant effect on the plasma level of hepatocellular enzymes, reproductive hormones, and oxidative stress parameters which in turn could lead to hepatocellular dysfunction, infertility, or impaired reproduction in mammals and cellular injuries caused by excess free radicals as signaled by plasma level of oxidative stress parameters.
Aim: Evaluate the protective effects of palm oil on renal parameters after dichlorvos toxicity in albino rats. Study Design and Methodology: The study consisted of 3 phases: The acute study which lasted for 24 hours, the sub-acute study which lasted for 14 days and the sub chronic study which lasted for 30 days. The design and treatment pattern is shown below. Phase 1: Acute Study. Group 1: No DDVP, No palm oil for 24 hours (Negative control), Group 2: 30 mg/kg of DDVP without palm oil (positive control), Group 3: 30 mg/kg of DDVP and 100 mg/kg palm oil for 24 hours (treatment group). Phase 2: Sub-Acute (14 days) Study. Group 4: No DDVP, No palm oil for 14 days (Negative control), Group 5: 10 mg/kg of DDVP without palm oil daily for 14 days (positive control), Group 6: 10 mg/kg of DDVP and 100 mg/kg of palm oil daily for 14 days (positive control). Phase 3: Sub-Chronic (30 days) Study. Group 7: No DDVP, No palm oil for 30 days (Negative control), Group 8: 10 mg/kg of DDVP without palm oil daily for 30 days (positive control), Group 9: 10 mg/kg of DDVP and 100 mg/kg palm oil daily for 30 days (treatment group). All administration was done orally. After the period of treatments, the rats were sacrificed after 18 hours of fast. Whole blood samples (5 mls) were collected into lithium heparin bottle and spun at 3500 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain plasma samples. Samples obtained were used for the determination of Na+, K+, HCO3, urea, and creatinine while renal tissues obtained were used for histopathological examinations. Results: Significantly higher values were seen in urea in the dichlorvos treated rats over a period of 24 hours, 14 days, and 30 days as compared to rats co-treated with palm oil and the control. Creatinine indicated significantly higher over a period of 24 hours while non-significant increases were observed in the dichlorvos treated rats over a period of 14 days and 30 days. More so, significantly higher values were seen in potassium in the dichlorvos treated rats over a period of 24 hours and 14 days, while significantly higher values in potassium were seen after period of 30 days as compared to rats co-treated with palm oil and the control. Sodium and chloride did not indicate significant difference over the period of 24 hours, 14 days, and 30 days. Histological examination of the renal tissue indicated structural distortions dichlorvos treated rats over a period of 24 hours, 14 days and 30 days while significant improvements in the structural integrity of the kidney were observed in rats co-treated with palm oil. Conclusion: Results obtained indicated that palm oil showed a protective effect in ameliorating the nephrotoxicity induced by dichlorvos as shown by the histological examination and decreased values of creatinine and urea as well as potassium in palm oil treated rats.
Paraquat is an organic compound also known as methyl viologen, a chemical herbicide or weed killer with highly toxic effect on ingestion or exposure. Vitamin E and C are powerful antioxidants that act as initial responder against oxygen reactive species called free radicals which attack and destroy the tissues. The aim of this study was to determine a short term therapeutic effect of vitamin E and C combination on liver enzymes parameters of paraquat induced liver toxicity in male albino rats. 200 male albino rats were used for the study. The 200 rats were divided into four main groups (A, B, C, D) consisting of 50 rats in each group. The Groups were further divided into two subgroups having 25 rats in each subgroup. “A” group was not induced with paraquat while “B”, ‘C” and “D” groups were induced with increasing dose of 0.02g, 0.04g and 0.06g of paraquat respectively. “A” group had two subgroups; “Ao” and “AVEC” which represented the sub-group not treated with Vit E and the subgroup treated with Vit E (500mg) respectively. This also applied to group “B”, “C” and “D” paraquat was administered every forth night followed by treatment with the vitamins for one month. Blood samples were collected and analysed for liver function (SGOT, SGPT, ALT And GGT). There was a significant increase in the level of the liver enzymes among the “Ao”, “Bo”, “Co” and “Do”, p-value<0.05 and also among the “AVEC”, “BVEC”, “CVEC” and “DVEC”, p-value<0.05. The result also showed that there were significant differences in intra-group comparison in all the liver enzyme parameters, p-value<0.05 while there was no significant difference among the AO and AVEC subgroups for all parameters. This study has shown that vitamin E and C combination has a therapeutic effect in male albino rats on one month of weekly treatment. Therefore, a weekly treatment with Vit E and C may treat liver disease toxicity associated with paraquat toxicity in rats.
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