Genetic variations in CYP2C9 are associated to inter-individual variability of drugs metabolism and response. The only report has been done previously mainly focusing on the common variant alleles of CYP2C9 in Vietnamese Kinh subjects. However, little is known about the complete spectrum of this gene polymorphism in different ethnic groups of Vietnam. We sequenced the promoter region and all exons of CYP2C9 in 100 healthy unrelated Vietnamese Kinh subjects. Additionally, common CYP2C9 variants, *2 and *3, were also analyzed by RFLP-PCR in extra 194 Kinh subjects and 279 of other four ethnic groups in Vietnam. The results of these common variants observed from five ethnic groups were compared with other populations in the world. Seven previously reported alleles and two genotypes were determined in Kinh subjects. The percentage of CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C9*3 alleles are 96.5 and 3.5%, respectively. We found one novel non-synonymous variant in exon 7 leading to amino acid change at 363 position from proline to histidine. Functional analysis by SIFT and Polyphen-2 indicated that this mutation is intolerant and probably damaging. Prevalence of CYP2C9*2 observed in Vietnamese population was significantly lower compared with that of other populations in the South and West of Asia as well as in Europe. This study provides information of genetic distribution pattern of CYP2C9 in Vietnamese, which would be useful for optimizing drug therapies in Vietnam.
eBidding has become a widely used means of awarding contracts and continues to gain in popularity because of its benefits. As an international trend, it provides benefits for all forms of commerce including the construction industry. The eBidding system is expected to reduce corruption in the bidding process and to maximize a project‟s potential for success. However, how to expand the eBidding system poses some challenges, particularly in rural, developing countries. Firstly, this paper aims to analyze some of the current problems with the eBidding process as used in the construction industry. Secondly, the differences between eBidding‟s perceived benefits and its practical application are explored. Finally, the underlying causes of problems with eBidding are studied. This research was conducted using a survey of 200 questionnaires during June and July 2011 in Vietnam. Statistical methods and factor analysis were used to analyze the results. From the results, eBidding is encountering a number of problems that can be classified into three groups related to governmental involvement, systemic issues and lack of standardization, and corporate officers and support staff in construction industry. It may cause the difference between the respondents‟ perceptions about eBidding benefits and its practical application. Even with a positive perception about the benefits, few people apply eBidding in their work if it not compulsory for a project. The analysis also illustrates three factors influencing the eBidding process. They are government guidelines, company leadership, and resource factors. Among these, the role of government is emphasized to effect the users‟ perception positively. However, there are some current challenges that negatively impact the eBidding system which require a systematic resolution. Therefore, further research to mitigate preventable factors underlying each type of problem is needed to improve the system so that it can be applied more widely.
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