Innovation has long been considered an important factor for creating and maintaining the competitiveness of nations and firms. Common knowledge holds that innovation causes an increase in exports. However, contradicting empirical evidence is reported in the literature on the links between innovation and export. In this paper we examine whether innovation by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) enhances their likelihood of exporting in the context of the developing country of Vietnam. Using a uniquely rich Vietnamese SMEs database, we find that innovation as measured directly by 'new products', 'new production process' and 'improvement of existing products' are important determinants of exports by Vietnamese SMEs. We add to the current literature by examining the modification of existing products as an innovation activity. We also find evidence of endogeneity of innovation that may lead to biased estimate of innovation in previous studies, which failed to take this problem into account. L'innovation a longtemps ete consideree comme un element important dans la creation et le maintien de la competitivite des pays et des entreprises. Il est souvent convenu que l'innovation est a la base de l'augmentation des exportations. Cependant, il existe des resultats empiriques contradictoires sur la causalite entre l'innovation et l'exportation dans la litterature. Dans cet article, nous etudions si l'innovation menee par de petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) augmente leur probabilite d'exportation dans le contexte d'un pays en voie de developpement, le Vietnam. A partir d'une base de donnees fournie sur les PMEs vietnamiennes, nous constatons que l'innovation en 'nouveaux produits', 'nouveaux processus de production' et 'amelioration des produits existants' est un facteur important pour les exportations des PMEs vietnamiennes. Nous contribuons a la litterature actuelle en etudiant la modification des produits existants comme activite d'innovation. Nous trouvons egalement une preuve de l'endogeneite de l'innovation qui a pu mener a une evaluation de l'innovation biaisee dans les etudes precedentes, qui n'ont pas tenu compte de ce probleme.innovation, exports, Vietnam, SME, instrumental variable, bivariate probit,
Since the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA) and especially the 2008 SNA, traditional input-output table (IOT) of Leontief has been modified quite a lot with many variations. The supply and use tables (SUTs) seem to be substituted for the IOT, although there has not been a complete guiding to SUTs to IOT conversion.Originally in 1968 SNA, SUTs was called make and use matrices as an intermediate step to compile IOT. However, 1993 and 2008 SNA seem to replace IOT with SUTs, of which regulations make it difficult to convert from SUTs to IOT such as regulation on the size of supply and use tables and regulation on the prices of the intermediate input matrix.Some countries use computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, while others use both the CGE model and input-output analysis, so they need to convert SUTs into symmetric input-output tables (SIOTs). The construction of SIOTs is a controversial issue as regards the choice of model to construct both product-by-product and industry-by-industry SIOTs. This paper discusses the SUTs given in 1968, 1993, 2008 SNA, and the method for converting SUTs to SIOTs.Although there have been several articles on how to convert SUTs into SIOTs, this article is an effort to provide an easier, more understandable way to convert SUTs to SIOTs based on the arrangement of supply and use matrices.
In the study blood collected from 260 residents in X commune (Gio Linh, Quang Tri) is examined for HBsAg by ELISA method and HBV-DNA by real - time PCR. It is found that HBsAg carrying rate is 11.15% (29/260), 13.04% for males and 10.12% for females (p > 0.05); 11.15% of the residents (29/260) are HBV-DNA positive, in which 15.22% for males and 8.93% for females. The rate of HBV-DNA positive in subjects with HBsAg (+) is 79.31% (23/29) and in subjects with HBsAg (-) is 2.60% (6/231).
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is among the leading causes of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular car¬cinoma. Screening of 664 serum samples from Hoabinh, Quangtri, Kontum provinces and Ho Chi Minh city showed that the prevalence of HBsAg varied by geographic regions and gender. The highest one was in Hoabinh (18.27% in general, 21.95% in male, and 13.38% in female), and the lowest one was in Kontum (3.1% in general, 2.32% in male, and 4.32% in female). In Vietnam, the most common genotype is B, followed by genotypes C and G. HBV phylogenetic analysis of S sequences revealed that genotype B was highly prevalent (83.3%), and genotype C (8.3%) and G (8.3%) were also detected as a minor distribution. Further studies are recommended to determine the HBsAg prevalence and genotypes and main modes of hepatitis B virus transmission in Vietnam.
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