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Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries. It is essential in many clinical applications, such as the pathological diagnosis of hepatic diseases, surgical planning, and postoperative assessment. The segmentation task is hampered by fuzzy boundaries, complex backgrounds, and appearances of objects of interest, which vary considerably. The success of the procedure is still highly dependent on the operator's skills and the level of hand-eye coordination. Thus, this paper was strongly motivated by the necessity to obtain an early and accurate diagnosis of a detected object in medical images. In this paper, we propose a new polyp segmentation method based on the architecture of a multiple deep encoder-decoder networks combination called CDED-net. The architecture can not only hold multi-level contextual information by extracting discriminative features at different effective fields-of-view and multiple image scales but also learn rich information features from missing pixels in the training phase. Moreover, the network is also able to capture object boundaries by using multiscale effective decoders. We also propose a novel strategy for improving the method's segmentation performance based on a combination of a boundary-emphasization data augmentation method and a new effective dice loss function. The goal of this strategy is to make our deep learning network available with poorly defined object boundaries, which are caused by the non-specular transition zone between the background and foreground regions. To provide a general view of the proposed method, our network was trained and evaluated on three well-known polyp datasets, CVC-ColonDB, CVC-ClinicDB, and ETIS-Larib PolypDB. Furthermore, we also used the Pedro Hispano Hospital (PH 2 ), ISBI 2016 skin lesion segmentation dataset, and CT healthy abdominal organ segmentation dataset to depict our network's ability. Our results reveal that the CDED-net significantly surpasses the state-of-the-art methods.

Colorectal cancer has become one of the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with a five-year survival rate of over 50%. Additionally, the potential of some common polyp types to progress to colorectal cancer is considered high. Colonoscopy is the most common method for finding and removing polyps. However, during colonoscopy, a significant number of polyps is missed as a result of human error mistakes. Thus, this study was primarily motivated by the need to obtain an early and accurate diagnosis of polyps detected in colonoscopy images. In this paper, we propose a new polyp segmentation method based on an architecture of multi-model deep encoder-decoder networks called MED-Net. Not only does this architecture obtain multi-level contextual information by extracting discriminative features at different effective fields-of-view and multiple image scales, it also can substantially do upsample more correctly to produce better prediction. It is also able to capture more accurate polyp boundaries by using multiscale effective decoders. Moreover, we also present a complementary strategy for improving the method's segmentation performance based on a combination of a boundary-aware data augmentation method and an effective weighted loss function. The purpose of this strategy is to allow our deep learning network to sequentially focus on poorly defined polyp boundaries, which are caused by the non-specular transition zone between the polyp and non-polyp regions. To provide a general view of the proposed method, our network was trained and evaluated on four well-known dataset CVC-ColonDB, CVC-ClinicDB, ASU-Mayo Clinic Colonoscopy Video Database, and ETIS-LaribPolypDB. Our results show that our MED-Net significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

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