The studies included in this review have been divided into four major broad categories. The first category comprises studies which involved the early conceptualization of mental toughness. The second category consists of studies that utilized qualitative approaches on mental toughness. The third category includes studies that used quantitative approaches. This review considers both qualitative and quantitative approaches to the study of mental toughness with

The purposes are to deepen the understanding of the correlation between learning motivation and learning burnout and thereby stimulate the learning motivation of college students. According to the theory of educational psychology, mechanism of learning motivation, and causes of learning burnout are analyzed. The learning motivation and learning burnout of college students majoring in sports are taken as the breakthrough point. The learning motivation and learning burnout situation of Chinese and Malaysian students majoring in sports are surveyed and compared through questionnaires. In addition, Chinese students majoring in sports are taken as examples to analyze the impact of learning motivation on learning burnout. The correlations between various dimensions are analyzed to determine the impact of learning motivation on learning burnout. The total learning motivation scores of students from the Sport School of Zhengzhou University and the University of Malaya Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences are 122.3 ± 22.4 and 140.2 ± 23.6, respectively, and their average scores for each question are 3.60 and 4.07, respectively. The total learning burnout scores of students from the Sport School of Zhengzhou University and the University of Malaya Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences are 58.2 ± 8.95 and 53.6 ± 7.34, respectively. The learning motivation of Malaysian college students majoring in sports is slightly stronger than Chinese students. Compared with Malaysia, the learning burnout of college students majoring in sports in China is extra apparent, mainly exhibited in the two dimensions of depression and a low sense of achievement. The learning motivation and learning burnout of college students majoring in sports are negatively correlated; that is, the stronger the learning motivation, the weaker the learning burnout; on the contrary, the weaker the learning motivation, the more severe the learning burnout. In conclusion, learning burnout of college students can be reduced by correcting and stimulating their learning motivation and improving their learning self-efficacy.

No abstract

This study presents an overview of Malaysian adolescent field hockey players’ expectancy beliefs, subjective values and sportspersonship attitude. We aimed to translate and validate two questionnaires i.e., Expectancy Value Model Questionnaire (EVMQ) and Multi-dimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale (MSOS) to Malay language. The EVMQ and MSOS were translated into the Malay language using the back translation method. A total of 230 respondents (15.40 ± 2.17 years) were recruited for this study.  The result of analyses are EVMQ-M (M = 5.38 ± .95) and MSOS-M (M = 3.64 ± .40) respectively. Content validity was checked by experts in the fields for content conformity and culture bias whereas face validity was confirmed by ten participants. Both questionnaires showed high internal consistency (reliability); EVMQ-M (α = .94) and MSOS-M (α = .82). Data fits were checked using the Structural Equation Model; EVMQ-M (χ² (df = 39) = 84.07, CFI = .97, GFI = .94, TLI = .95, RMSEA = .07, ChiSq/df = 2.16) and MSOS-M (χ² (df = 146) = 321.76, CFI = .92, GFI = .87, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .07, ChiSq/df = 2.20) also showed good construct validity. The translated Malay version EVMQ-M and the MSOS-M are reliable and valid instruments to assess Malaysian adolescent field hockey players.

No abstract