We investigate improving automatic speech recognition (ASR) in noisy conditions by enhancing noisy audio features using visual speech captured from the speaker's face. The enhancement is achieved by applying a linear filter to the concatenated vector of noisy audio and visual features, obtained by mean square error estimation of the clean audio features in a training stage. The performance of the enhanced audio features is evaluated on two ASR tasks: A connected digits task and speaker-independent, largevocabulary, continuous speech recognition. In both cases and at sufficiently low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), ASR trained on the enhanced audio features significantly outperforms ASR trained on the noisy audio, achieving for example a 46% relative reduction in word error rate on the digits task at -3.5 dB SNR. However, the method fails to capture the full visual modality benefit to ASR, as demonstrated by its comparison to discriminant audio-visual feature fusion introduced in previous work.
In this paper, we propose a new fast and flexible algorithm based on the maximum entropy (MAXENT) criterion to estimate stream weights in a state-synchronous multi-stream HMM. The technique is compared to the minimum classification error (MCE) criterion and to a brute-force, grid-search optimization of the WER on both a small and a large vocabulary audio-visual continuous speech recognition task. When estimating global stream weights, the MAX-ENT approach gives comparable results to the grid-search and the MCE. Estimation of state dependent weights is also considered: We observe significant improvements in both the MAXENT and MCE criteria, which, however, do not result in significant WER gains.
Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan dan mengetahui sertamenganalisis : (1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh harga secara parsial terhadap peningkatan volumepenjualan pada Pabrik Roti Dua Cakra di Kabupaten Sanggau (2) untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitasproduk secara parsial terhadap peningkatan volume penjualan pada Pabrik Roti Dua Cakra di KabupatenSanggau; (3)Untukmengetahui pengaruh harga dan kualitas produk secara simultan terhadap peningkatanvolume penjualan pada Pabrik Roti DuaCakra di Kabupaten Sanggau. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenispenelitian kuantitatif dengan populasi terdiri dari konsumen yang membeli roti di Pabrik Roti Dua Cakradi Kabupaten Sanggau. Dengan jumlah populasi yang tidak diketahui. Pengambilan sampel ditetapkandengan menggunakan rumus Z score, jumlah sampel digenapkan menjadi 100 orang responden. Terdiridari variabel bebas (harga dan kualitas produk) dan variabel terikat (volume penjualan. Analisis datamenggunakan bantuan program SPPS 18 untuk melakukan Uji Regresi Linier Berganda, Uji t (Parsial),Uji F (Simultan) dan Uji Koefisien Determinasi.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.