La información de 10 departamentos del total de 31 que contempla este manuscrito, ha sido publicada en "Memorias Primer Taller Internacional Sobre Control de la Enfermedad de Chagas. Curso de Diagnóstico, Manejo y Tratamiento de la Enfermedad de Chagas. VI Reunión de la Iniciativa Andina para el Control de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Bogotá; 2005. p.25-41. La presente publicación recopila la información de registros de triatominos y datos sobre infección natural con tripanosomátidos a nivel departamental y municipal, publicada hasta la fecha así como la reportada por los servicios departamentales de salud e institutos de investigación. Se presentan figuras elaboradas de acuerdo a la información suministrada por los registros y una clasificación de la fauna triatomínica de acuerdo a las condiciones ecoepidemiológicas del país, teniendo en cuenta la altitud como factor determinante en la distribución de estos insectos. Teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia con que se reportan en el domicilio y peridomicilio, se consideran las siguientes especies como las de mayor riesgo de transmisión en Colombia: Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma maculata y Triatoma venosa. Se resalta la importancia de la vigilancia entomológica como herramienta indispensable para reforzar las estrategias de control de la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas, permitiendo también la evaluación del riesgo que representan las especies de triatominos silvestres en Colombia.Palabras clave: Triatominae, ecología de vectores, ubicaciones geográficas, enfermedad de Chagas, control vectorial. Updated geographical distribution and ecoepidemiology of the triatomine fauna (Reduviidae: Triatominae) in ColombiaInformation concerning triatomine records from provinces and municipalities was accumulatedincluding data indicating natural infections with trypanosomatides-that has been previously published or reported by Colombian provincial health services and research institutes. Altitude appeared to be the main factor responsible for the distribution of the insects. Illustrations summarize the information provided by the above records. A triatomine fauna classification is presented that corresponds to the eco-epidemiological conditions of the country, considering altitude as the factor determining the geographical distribution of these vectors. Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma maculata and Triatoma venosa are considered the major transmission risk species in Colombia, according to the frequency in which they are reported inside dwellings and peridomiciliary areas. Entomological surveillance providess a necessary tool to reinforce the control strategies for Chagas disease. This also allows the evaluation of transmission risk that the sylvatic triatomines represent in Colombia.
infestans, T. dimidiata and T. brasiliensis).The other species are less efficient vectors and are more limited in their geographic distribution, except for P. megistus (WHO 2007).The T. cruzi transmission rate is influenced by many factors, including insect density, the reproductive frequency of T. cruzi, the possibility of insect interactions with humans or other important reservoirs, their longevity, human and reservoir susceptibility to infection, vector and reservoir distribution related to human populations, vector and reservoir infection rates and the duration of parasitaemia (Schofield 1994). Vectorial controlDifferent from autochthonous vector species, domiciliated species such as T. infestans in the Southern Cone and R. prolixus in Central America are considered to be introduced species that have become adapted to human habitat due to their passive transport by human migration over time. They show a high degree of susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides.When it is known that vectors have become domiciliated and are actively responsible for transmission, spraying residual action insecticides is not questioned, given that the insecticides represent a means of immediate control to alleviate the suffering of inhabitants who have been in contact with vector insects within the last 6-8 months. Residual action insecticides are not permanent. After the product's residual action time has passed, a second spraying cycle is necessary. This, in turn, is temporary, and it is possible for the house to become reinfested once again. This is when control programmes must establish an entomological surveillance component to impede re-infestation efforts, especially by adventitious sylvatic species.It is clear that using a particular control method does not exclude using another one. Chemical control must complement other efforts such as improving rural housing, managing the environment and ordering the peridomiciliary area where autochthonous vector insect species are frequently found.A series of standards and stages in the technical and operational levels must be followed consistently for the control programme to be effective. To control Chagas disease, it is necessary to prevent parasite transmission by its two main mechanisms (vectorial and transfusional) and to complement this prevention with a secondary level of prevention in terms of medical and social attention for infected people. The key elements to such a programme, which has been proven successful, have been previously described by several authors (Schofield &
Surveillance of a few easily assessed household characteristics provides an accurate, rapid assessment of house-level variation in risk. Measured effect sizes for specific structural characteristics could be used to maximize the cost-effectiveness of programmes to reduce vector infestation and interrupt Chagas disease transmission by improving house quality.
Eight Triatoma dimidiata populations from different geographic regions were compared along with related species using traditional morphometry of head characters. A method for removing allometric change was used for the intraspecific comparisons, and scaling for the isometric change of size was used for the interspecific comparisons. The intraspecific comparison showed significant head shape differences between T. dimidiata populations correlating with geography, showing a separation between the northern, intermediate, and southern collections (more evident in females), and supporting the idea that this species includes several evolutionarily divergent populations. The positioning of one sylvatic group from Guatemala did not correlate with geography, because it was more closely related to a distinct population of Colombia. This sylvatic group was found in caves, while the Colombian specimens, although collected in houses, may have migrated from nearby caves. Evolutionary and/or ecological influences could be responsible for the head shape similarities between these two groups: a common ancestral origin of both populations or a morphological convergence caused by similar environmental pressures. The interspecific comparisons included four other regional species of the same genus, three of them belonging to the phyllosoma complex (T. pallidipennis, T. mexicana, and T. ryckmani, the latter provisionally) and the fourth one classified in the protracta complex (T. nitida). Both complexes were readily separated by their head dimensions, even after size adjustment, and our data support inclusion of T. dimidiata within the phyllosoma complex.
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