El Nevado de Toluca es, desde 2013, un Área Natural Protegida en la categoría de Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna de acuerdo con la legislación mexicana. El volcán cuenta con fácil acceso y con una alta afluencia de visitantes, sin embargo, no cuenta con información orientativa y visible in situ, lo cual favorece el deterioro de la zona y las situaciones de riesgo por no conocer las precauciones al adentrarse a una zona de alta y media montaña. Este proyecto presenta una estrategia de fomento a la conservación del entorno natural a través de una serie de mapas que contienen el área cratérica del volcán y sus alrededores, donde se muestra la ubicación de rutas de montaña, bicicleta y senderos interpretativos, así como información contextualizada sobre salud y prevención, además de su geología, historia eruptiva y biodiversidad. Así mismo, se espera que la consulta o uso in situ por parte de los visitantes de la zona, mitigará las situaciones de riesgo y disminuirá los accidentes de montaña provocados por desconocimiento.
<p>On September 19, 2017, Mexico was rocked by a 7.1 earthquake, causing an immense amount of damage in the states near the epicenter. This earthquake caused hundreds of damages in historical heritage, mainly in the states of Puebla, Oaxaca and Morelos. The patrimonial damages occurred were so extensive that they are prolonged till this day. Nepopualco Morelos was one of the towns that suffered great destruction by this shaking event. Their historical and main church, &#8220;Santiago the Apostle&#8221;, was &#160;shattered in the shake, and the cleanup is still ongoing. The objective of this project was to create a 3D model of the Santiago the Apostle Church to view the process of restoration done by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). The 3D model obtained was the result of 478 images, which were captured by three different drone flights and a set of images shot on terrestrial. These flights were done by an Anafi Parrot drone, two circular flights and a double grid flight (180 and 256 images, respectively). For the purpose of obtaining a georeferenced accurate model, twelve ground control points were acquired in the field using a Emlid Reach RS+. The 3D model &#160;presented in this project is a high-resolution model that allows the spatial analysis of the cabinet structure and represents a low-cost methodology. This model presents a centimeter resolution, while the error corresponds to 1.56%. The main contribution of this work is the obtainment of a 3D model of &#160;Nepopualco&#180;s historical church in which the final product shows the present stage of reconstruction done on the structural damages caused by the earthquake. The 3D reconstruction model will be delivered to the corresponding authorities of the National Institute of Anthropology and History. There is a possible consideration in creating other models that may help the INAH in the recovery process of cultural heritage affected by natural phenomena, as well as its structural mitigation. This project is the first effort on creating a digital catalog of these types of structures that make up Morelos&#8217; historical heritage.<br>Acknowledgments:<br>Thanks to Arq. Antonio Mondrag&#243;n from INAH, &#160;Arq. Aime&#233; Mancilla and Arq. &#160;Fabi&#225;n Bernal Orozco for their facilities and support. We also want to thank Mr. F&#233;lix Garc&#237;a Reyes and Gilberto Garc&#237;a Pe&#241;a, the community representatives, for their assistance in opening the entrance to the church.</p>
<p>The present project aims to make a preliminary assessment of the volcanic risk represented by the Apan Volcanic Field (CVA). The methodology was divided into two parts. In the first, Digital Elevation Models (DEM) published by official sources were used to identify unreported structures and perform morphometric analysis of previously dated structures. In the second stage, a new DEM was developed from interferometric methodologies to compare the results with those obtained from official sources. Two SAR satellite images from the SENTINEL-1 satellite of ESA's Copernicus program were used. Being the first of October 14, 2021, leader image, and the second of October 26, 2021, slave image. These images were processed in ESA's SNAP software. For the morphometric analysis, volcanic structures have been classified into three major categories: Young cones (0.18 Ma - 0.5 Ma), Intermediate cones (0.5 Ma-1 Ma), and Old cones (1 Ma-3 Ma). From the official DEM analysis, 243 volcanic structures were reported within the study area with a preliminary predominance of structures that fall in the range of old cones, 4 areas with a higher concentration of volcanic structures were detected in which some highly populated localities are found. In addition, demographic parameters were used for a better preliminary risk assessment in the study area. Official and Radar images DEMs were used for the morphometric analysis and the results were compared with the previously published models. Finally, it was concluded the importance of the CVA by comparison with other two Mexican volcanic fields CVA represents a moderate volcanic risk, for which a greater number of studies and monitoring in the area is recommended. &#160;This project provides a new understanding of the volcanic hazard and risk associated with the CVA and the development of the surrounding social environment.</p>
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