The aim of this study was to develop three-dimensional (3D) fully interlaced and semi-interlaced representative woven preform structures and to understand the effects of weave pattern and number of layers on 3D woven structures. Various 3D woven preforms were developed. Data generated from these structures included yarn angle, yarn-to-yarn space and density, yarn length and crimp. It was shown that the weave patterns affected the 3D woven preform structures. The yarn-to-yarn spaces of the 3D fully interlaced and semi-interlaced structures were high compared to the traditional 3D woven structures (orthogonal, through-the-thickness and angle interlock) in fabric width due to the interlacement. The 3D plain, twill and satin structures resulted in warp angle (w) in fabric length and filling angle (f), and interlaced z-yarn angle (zi) in fabric width due to the warp-filling and warp-z-yarn interlacements. The weave patterns slightly affected the yarn angles. On the other hand, it was observed that the number of layers considerably affected the z-yarn arc length and the z-yarn length in thickness in the 3D woven structure. The interlacement on 3D plain, twill and satin woven structures resulted in warp crimp, filling crimp and z-yarn crimp. The crimps in the 3D structure fully interlaced and semi-interlaced woven structures slightly depended on the types of weave pattern and the number of layers.Keywords three-dimensional representative fully interlaced woven preform, three-dimensional plain woven preform, threedimensional twill woven preform, three-dimensional satin woven preform, z-yarn crimp, textile composites
Textile-reinforced composites are increasingly used in various industries such as aerospace, construction, automotive, medicine, and sports due to their distinctive advantages over traditional materials such as metals and ceramics. Fiber-reinforced composite materials are lightweight, stiff, and strong. They have good fatigue and impact resistance. Their directional and overall properties can be tailored to fulfill specific needs of different end uses by changing constituent material types and fabrication parameters such as fiber volume fraction and fiber architecture. A variety of fiber architectures can be obtained by using two-(2D) and three-dimensional (3D) fabric production techniques such as weaving, knitting, braiding, stitching, and nonwoven methods. Each fiber architecture/textile form results in a specific configuration of mechanical and performance properties of the resulting composites and determines the end-use possibilities and product range. This chapter highlights the constituent materials, fabric formation techniques, production methods, as well as application areas of textile-reinforced composites. Fiber and matrix materials used for the production of composite materials are outlined. Various textile production methods used for the formation of textile preforms are explained. Composite fabrication methods are introduced. Engineering properties of textile composites are reviewed with regard to specific application areas. The latest developments and future challenges for textile-reinforced composites are presented.
The effect of through-the-thickness stitching and incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the flexural properties of three-dimensional (3D) carbon/epoxy composites was studied. The flexural strength of the carbon twill fabric composites was improved by stitching due largely to delamination suppression, whereas stitching negatively influenced the flexural strength of the carbon satin fabric composites due to stitch-induced irregularities and fiber breakages. The failure mode of the unstitched base (without MWCNTs) and unstitched nano-added structures involved fiber breakage, matrix cracking, and delamination, while the stitched base and stitched nano-added samples exhibited lateral matrix cracking, multiple warp, and stitch yarn breakages with less delamination compared with unstitched structures. The results showed that both stitching and the incorporation of MWCNTs improved the out-of-plane failure properties due largely to restricted delamination. Therefore, stitching and MWCNTs can effectively be used to increase the damage tolerance of carbon fiber/epoxy composite laminates.
The aim of this study was to develop three-dimensional (3D) fully interlaced representative circular woven preform structures and to understand the effects of weave pattern and number of layers on 3D circular woven structures. Various 3D circular woven preforms were developed. Data generated from these structures included yarn-to-yarn space, density, yarn angle, yarn length and crimp. It was shown that the weave patterns affected the 3D circular woven preform structures. The yarn-to-yarn spaces in the 3D fully interlaced circular structures were high compared to the traditional 3D orthogonal circular woven structures in fabric circumference (fabric outside surface) due to the interlacement of the yarn sets. The 3D plain, twill and satin structures resulted in axial angle (θ a) in fabric length; circumferential angle (θ c), and interlaced radial angle (θ ri) in fabric circumference and fabric diameter due to the axial-circumferential and axial-radial interlacements. The weave patterns slightly affected the yarn angles. On the other hand, it was observed that the number of layers considerably affected the radial arc length and the radial length in wall thickness in the 3D circular woven structure. The interlacement on 3D plain, twill and satin circular woven structures resulted in axial crimp, circumferential crimp and radial crimp. The crimps in the 3D fully interlaced circular woven structures slightly depended on the types of weave pattern and the number of layers.
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