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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious economically important viral disease of cattle. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is still circulating in Egypt, despite the annual mass vaccination with sheep pox virus vaccine recommended by the Egyptian authorities. This study was carried out on two farms of pregnant Holstein cows vaccinated with Bovivax LSD-N® Vaccine (farm I) and Servac Capri-C vaccine® (farm II). After 40-60 days post-vaccination, mild clinical signs were detected in 3% of cows on the farm I whereas a more severe clinical infection was developed in 40% of cows on farm II. LSDV was isolated on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11 days old embryonated chicken egg (ECEs) and Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) tissue culture. LSDV was identified in collected skin tissues by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and histopathological examination. Finally, LSDV was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification at 192 base pair (bp) of the P32 gene and two samples were selected for DNA sequencing. LSDV developed characteristic pock lesions in inoculated ECEs. MDBK cell culture developed a prominent LSDV cytopathic effect at the 3rd passage. Viral particles were detected in the cytoplasm of both epidermal cells and dermal macrophages by TEM. Histopathological examination revealed different lesions correlated withLSDV infection age. LSDV was confirmed in all tested samples by PCR. Our strains (Dakahlia- 2020-1 and Dakahlia- 2020-2) were closely related to other Egyptian LSDV strains on GenBank with 98.2%-100% identity. The present study proved conclusive evidence that the live attenuated sheep poxvirus vaccine poorly protects Egyptian cattle against LSDV, while the LSDV Neethling strain vaccine gave a promising and sufficient protection rate

ovine babesiosis is caused by the tick-borne blood parasite, Babesia bovis (B.bovis) and Babesia bigemina (B.bigemina). Many studies from 1980's to 2015's revealed that annual incidence of disease in summer season especially in adult cattle has associated with considerable economic losses. The present study were made on 115 Holstein calves at period from November 2014 till January 2015. Clinically affected calves showed signs of babesiosis as fever (41c°), anorexia, depression, weakness, pale mucous membrane, emaciation, weight loss, hematuria with accelerated heart and respiratory rates. Parasitological examination using Giemsa-stained thin blood films revealed presence of B. bovis in 54 out of 115 of examined calves while molecular examination by using regular Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique for same calves showed positive cases in 66 out of 115 and 14 out of 20 groups, Boophilus annulatus (B. annulatus) samples that affect these calves. There were significant decrease in erythrocytic count, hemoglobin content, packed cell volume, albumin, globulin and total protein but significant increase in serum bilirubine in clinically affected cases of Babesia bovis. Pathological examination of liver and spleen showed golden yellow to brown hemosiderine pigment with inflammatory cells infiltration. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the change of some epidemiological aspects of clinical disease as age and season could be occure. Infected cases can occur at any time of the year in young calves less than three months. It could be occure in winter season, in contrast to some previous studies.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Aloe vera gel and Yucca schidigera extract supplementation on growth performance, oocyst shedding, intestinal lesions and inflammatory response in broilers challenged with coccidia. Two hundred and ten, one-day old Cobb chicks were randomly allocated to seven equal groups (30 birds/group). (G1): noninfected non-treated group, (G2): infected non-treated group, (G3)&(G4): infected and treated with Aloe vera gel 5gm/L and Yucca schidigera extract 200 mg/ L respectively from 7 th day of age till the end of the experiment, (G5)&(G6): infected and treated with Aloe vera gel 5gm/L and Yucca schidigera extract 200 mg/L respectively from 15 th day of age till the end of the experiment and (G7): infected and treated with Amprolium 1g/ 2 L from 15 th day for five successive days. Chickens in infected groups were challenged with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of field strain of Eimeria spp. on the 14 th days of age. The average body weight gains, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded all over the experimental period. The anticoccidial evaluation post infection depended on severity of bloody diarrhea, lesion scores as well as the oocyst shedding. In addition, histopathological changes in intestine and serum level of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Aloe vera gel and Yucca schidigera extract supplementation were able to mitigate the devastating effects of coccidia challenge in broilers. Growth performances represented by bodyweight gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved. The Lesion score and oocysts shedding were significantly reduced as well as the serum level of pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-1β) were significantly down regulated in challenged treated groups. The histopathological changes of intestine were ameliorated in treated supplemented groups. In conclusion, Aloe vera gel and Yucca schidigera extract can be a promising candidate to be used as a natural, low cost alternative to control coccidiosis in chickens.

The present context is the pioneer attempt to verify the ability of copepod, Lernanthropus kroyeri, L. kroyeri, to uptake and accumulate heavy metals. We primarily assess the prevalence of the parasite in various seasons, clinical signs, and post-mortem changes in sea bass (Moron labrax). Morphological features of the parasite using a light microscope, bioaccumulation of heavy metals in tissues of both L. kroyeri and M. labrax (gills, muscles) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, and histopathological alterations were monitored. Fish (n = 200) were obtained from Ezbet Elborg and examined for the parasite, L. kroyeri. Results revealed that the total infection recorded 86%. The infested fish exhibited excessive mucous and ulceration at the site of attachment. The post-mortem lesion in gills was marbling appearance with destructed filaments. Various heavy metals (Zn, Co, Cu, and Cd) were detected in the tissues of L. kroyeri and M. labrax and surprisingly, L. kroyeri had the ability to uptake and accumulate a high amount of Zn in its tissues. Infested fish accumulated less concentration of Zn in their tissue compared to the non-infested ones. Within the host tissue, the accumulation of Zn was higher in gills compared to muscles. Histopathological findings demonstrated scattered parasitic elements with destruction of gill lamellae. Taken together, we clearly highlight the potential role of L. kroyeri to eliminate Zn and it can be utilized as a bio-indicator for metal monitoring studies for sustaining aquaculture.