For late-term pregnancies, women with prenatal anxiety or depression and had cesarean delivery due to the suspicion of fetal distress were at risk for PPD.

The LA pregnancy should be closely followed up during their antenatal care period due to the significantly higher rate of PB.

Background: It is estimated that 41, 8% of pregnant women worldwide are anemic. At least half of this burden is assumed to be due to iron deficiency. Although iron deficiency anemia is very common in pregnancy, there has been limited research investigating glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c) levels in nondiabetic anaemic pregnant women and the effect of iron supplementation on HbA1c levels. We aimed to investigate HBA1c level changes in anemic pregnant women after anemia is corrected and to evaluate the relation of HBA1c with haemoglobin, haematocrit, ferritin and red blood cell indices. Materials and methods: Thirty seven pregnant women (16-30 weeks into their pregnancies) who had been diagnosed as having iron deficiency anemia (IDA) were enrolled in the study. IDA was corrected with iron supplementation. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, ferritin and red blood cell indices were analysed prior to and following (1 month) iron replacement therapy. Results: HBA1c values significantly decreased after iron supplementation when compared to those in a pre-supplementation state (5.01 ± 0.39 vs. 4.69 ± 0.38).

In addition to its nutritional benefits, human milk also has bioactive elements. Limited immunological functions of newborns are supported and altered by the immunological elements of mother milk. Chemokines are of importance among these immune factors. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been demonstrated in mother's milk, and its receptors, CXC chemokine receptors (CXCR)-1 and CXCR-2, were detected on cells, responsible for immunological reactions and mammary glandular cells. The soluble forms of these receptors are yet to be described in human milk. In this study, it was aimed to assess the IL-8 levels and the concentrations of its receptors in colostrum and mature mother's milk in regard to preterm and term delivery. The results of this study indicated a decline in IL-8 levels with the lactation stage, but no difference was observed between term and preterm mother's milk. Regarding the CXCR-1 and CXCR-2, the concentrations of these receptors were similar in both colostrum and mature milk. Furthermore, there was not any significant difference between term and preterm mother's milk. In conclusion, this is the first study to investigate the concentrations of CXCR-1 and CXCR-2 with the levels of IL-8 in colostrum and mature human milk of term and preterm newborns. The alterations in IL-8 levels were similar in some of the studies reported. CXCR-1 and CXCR-2 levels did not demonstrate any significant difference. Further studies are required to investigate the soluble forms of these receptors and their relation to IL-8 with larger cohort.

As this study was not a randomized controlled trial, a decisive conclusion may not be possible. However, until well-designed controlled studies are conducted, expectant management may be appropriate up to the full-term period and induction of labor may be appropriate management when the full-term period is reached.