Background: Cognitive dysfunctions are often presented as a symptom in multiple sclerosis which is associated with both structural and functional imapirments of neuronal networks in the brain. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of dysability, duration and type of disesase on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: This study included 60 MS patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Inclusion criteria were clinically definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, 18 years of age or older and were able to give written informed consent. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa) screening test. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparisons between clinical characteristics and MoCa test scores. Results: Out of 63.33% of patients had EDSS <=4.5. Disease lasted longer than 10 years in 30% of patients. 80% had relapsing-remitting MS and 20% had secondary progressive MS. 84,2 % of patients with EDSS ≤ 4.5 had cognitive dysfunction. Higher disability (rho=0,306, p<0,05), progressive type of disease (rho=0,377, p< 0,01) and longer disease duration (rho=0,282, p<0,05) were associated with worse overall cognitive functions. Level of disability showed statistical significant correlation with the executive functions and language domains of cognition (p<0.01). Longer disease duration was significant correlated with executive functions (p<0,01) and language domains (p<0,01), while progressive type of disease was signifacant correlated only with executive functions domain (p<0,01). MoCa score variables did not show a statistically significant difference in relation to the number of relapses per year and the use of imunoterapy. Statistically significant negative correlation was obtained between executive functions domain and level of disability, disease duration and progressive type of disease, while language domain significantly correlated only with disability level and progressive type of disease. Conclusion: High percentage of MS patients has cognitive impairment. Patients with higher disability were presented with lower cognitive abilities, especially in executive functions and language domains. Higher frequency of cognitive impairment were presented in progessive forms of disaese and longer disease duration with strong influence on executive functions domains of cognition.
Background: Schizophrenia is chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder, characterized by a constellation of clinical signs and symptoms that are categorized into distinct positive, negative, disorganization and cognitive symptom domains. The outcome of the disease is better in female patients compared to male patients who have a higher risk of rehospitalization and twice as long duration of hospital treatment. In male patients with schizophrenia an earlier onset of the disease, negative symptoms and a more severe clinical picture are noted, with a less promising therapeutic response to neuroleptics. The onset of negative symptoms is more variable. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the correlation of positive and negative symptoms (PANSS scores) in patients with schizophrenia according to gender. Methods: The sample included 40 subjects with schizophrenia (21 males; 19 females). The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Results: All male subjects have a PANSS negative symptoms score of 17 or higher, while all female subjects have a PANSS negative symptoms score of less than 17. While the difference in the variances is not statistically significant, the results show that the difference in the average values of the PANSS symptom score between male and female subjects is statistically significant for both positive and negative symptoms (p=0.026). Conclusion: Diminished sociality, emotional responsiveness, and drive during childhood have been reported in a substantial minority of patients with schizophrenia. This aspect of the illness may account for the low level of emotional expression and neuromotor dysfunction in infants who subsequently have schizophrenia. In other patients, the negative symptoms first occur after the onset of psychosis.
Background: Multiple sclerosis is a a complex diesase that may be presented by different neurological symptoms causing impairment of physical, psychological and cognitive functions. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: This study included 60 MS patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Inclusion criteria were clinically definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, 18 years of age or older and were able to give written informed consent. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa) screening test. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparisons between sociodemographic characteristics and MoCa test scores. Results: 76.66% were female patients. Average age of patients was 44.5 years. 70% of patients were married. 73,33% of patients had a high school degree, 20% had a college degree while only 6,66% had primary education. 38,33% of patients were employed, 33,33% were unemployed and 28,33% retired. 88.33% of patients had cognitive impairment, 68.33% having mild cognitive impairment. Executive functions (53,66%) and delayed recall (28,33%) were rated the worst. The median value of the Naming and Language MoCa domains of cognition showed statistical significant correlation with level of education (p<0.05; p<0.01).The mean value of the Language variable was statistically significantly lower in respondents aged 35 and over compared to respondents younger than 35 years (p=0,003;p<0,01), Statistically significant correlation was found between the level of education and cognitive status (rho=0,276,p<0,05), while the other variables (gender, age, marital status and employment ) did not show a statistically significant corellation. Conclusion: High perecentage of MS patients has cognitive impairment. Executive functions are rated the worst. Education is the major factor that contribute to better cognitive functioning in MS patients independent of age or employment status. The highest correlation is found between language and naming domains of cognition. Gender did not prove to be predictive factor of cognition in multiple sclerosis patients at any domain.
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