Skin infections are among the bacterial infections that present significant therapeutic challenges due to antibiotic resistance. Recently, herbal products clutched a significant attention as safe replacements for other medications but their low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability are considered major challenges which could be circumvented via formulation. As a species of genera Araucaria, Araucaria Heterophylla possesses pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and antibacterial actions, and this study aimed to standardize the extract of the plant against 4ʹʹʹmethoxyamentoflavone (as a main component of the extract) through a validated UPLC-MS/MS method and evaluate its antibacterial activity, which was followed by loading the standardized extract into a nanoemulsion to form a phytonanoemulsion (PNE), where the design analysis and optimization were performed through a simplex lattice design. The optimized PNE (PNE 3) was then loaded into HPMC/Pluronic F-127 gel (in ratio 1:4) to sustain the release of the active constituent. The heightened penetrability of PNE 3 gel was visualized via confocal laser scanning microscopy, and its prolonged effect was proved thru an in vivo study conducted on male Wistar rats. A histopathological study revealed the safety of the formulation when applied topically. Thus, PNE gel could be a potentially broad-spectrum antibacterial drug delivery system.
Objectives:The present in vitro study aimed to analyze the effect of two Mulberry fruit extracts on microtensile bond strength of an etch & rinse adhesive immediately and after thermocycling.
Materials and Methods:Flat dentin surfaces of 30 sound human molars were bonded with an etch and rinse adhesive. Dentin surfaces were left untreated (control group) or were pretreated with either Morus alba water extract, Morus alba alcohol extract, Morus nigra water extract or Morus nigra alcohol extract. Nano-hybrid resin composite were incrementally built-up. The tooth/ composite specimen was serially sectioned in order to produce beams of 0.9±0.1 mm in thickness.Each group was subdivided into two subgroups whether the teeth/composite specimens subjected to thermocycling or not. Each beam was individually fractured by a micro tensile testing machine.The data recorded in MPa, were tabulated and statistically analyzed.Results : Specimens treated with Morus alba and Morus nigra water extracts yielded significantly higher mean bond strengths than alcohol extracts in immediate micro-tensile bond values and after thermocycling. In addition ,Morus alba water extract revealed no statistically significant difference immediately and after thermocycling.
Conclusion :Dentin pretreatment with Mulbery water extracts has no adverse effect on the immediate microtensile bond strength and it was able to maintain bond stability of adhesive to dentin.
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