18Inflammatory diseases of the gut are associated with increased intestinal oxygen 19 concentrations and high levels of inflammatory oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide 20 (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which are antimicrobial compounds produced by 21 the innate immune system. This contributes to dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiome, 22including increased populations of pro-inflammatory enterobacteria (Escherichia coli 23 and related species) and decreased levels of health-associated anaerobic Firmicutes 24 and Bacteroidetes. The pathways for H2O2 and HOCl resistance in E. coli have been 25 well-studied, but little is known about how commensal and probiotic bacteria respond to 26 inflammatory oxidants. In this work, we have characterized the transcriptomic response 27 of the anti-inflammatory, gut-colonizing Gram-positive probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri to 28 both H2O2 and HOCl. L. reuteri mounts distinct responses to each of these stressors, 29and both gene expression and survival were strongly affected by the presence or 30 absence of oxygen. Oxidative stress response in L. reuteri required several factors not 31 found in enterobacteria, including the small heat shock protein Lo18, polyphosphate 32 kinase 2, and RsiR, an L. reuteri-specific regulator of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. 33These results raise the intriguing possibility of developing treatments for inflammatory 34 gut diseases that could sensitize pro-inflammatory enterobacteria to killing by the 35 immune system while sparing anti-inflammatory, health-associated species. 36 37 IMPORTANCE 38It is becoming increasingly clear that effective treatment of inflammatory gut diseases 39 will require modulation of the gut microbiota. Preventing pro-inflammatory bacteria from 40 blooming while also preserving anti-inflammatory and commensal species is a 41 considerable challenge, but our results suggest that it may be possible to take 42 advantage of differences in the way different species of gut bacteria resist inflammatory 43 oxidants to accomplish this goal. 44 a measurable health benefit (14), and a variety of different probiotic bacteria have been 64shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in the gut (15, 16). The most commonly used 65 probiotics are lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus (17), which are able to both 66 modulate the host immune system and outcompete enterobacterial pathogens (15), and 67 some strains of which have been shown to improve outcomes for inflammatory bowel 68 diseases in both humans and animal models (18)(19)(20). The effectiveness of probiotics for 69 treating inflammation in the gut, however, may be limited by their ability to survive attack 70 by the overactive host immune system, including the oxidative damage caused by ROS 71 and RCS. While the general stress response physiology of lactic acid bacteria has been 72 relatively well characterized (21), bacterial responses to oxidative stress are best 73 understood in E. coli and related inflammation-enriched enterobacteria (22)(23)(24)(25). This is 74 esp...
The deterioration of gait can be used as a biomarker for ageing and neurological diseases. Continuous gait monitoring and analysis are essential for early deficit detection and personalized rehabilitation. The use of mobile and wearable inertial sensor systems for gait monitoring and analysis have been well explored with promising results in the literature. However, most of these studies focus on the technologies for gait characteristic assessment, few of them have considered the data acquisition bandwidth of the sensing system. Inadequate sampling frequency will sacrifice signal fidelity, thus leading to an inaccurate estimation especially for spatial gait parameters. In this work, we developed an inertial sensor based in-shoe gait analysis system for real-time gait monitoring and investigated the optimal sampling frequency to capture all the information on walking patterns. An exploratory validation study was performed using an optical motion capture system on four healthy adult subjects, where each person underwent five walking sessions, giving a total of 20 sessions. Percentage mean absolute errors (MAE%) obtained in stride time, stride length, stride velocity, and cadence while walking were 1.19%, 1.68%, 2.08%, and 1.23%, respectively. In addition, an eigen-analysis based graphical descriptor from raw gait cycle signals was proposed as a new gait metric that can be quantified by principal component analysis to differentiate gait patterns, which has great potential to be used as a powerful analytical tool for gait disorder diagnostics.
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