As early as 1903 Braun demonstrated that the addition of epinephrine to local anaesthetic solutions greatly prolonged their duration of action, k Since then epinephrine has been used widely in clinical practice not only to prolong anaesthesia but also to provide optimal haemostasis and to minimize the systemic toxic effects of local anaesthetics. 2'3 Significant haemodynamie and metabolic effects have been documented following epinephrinelocal anaesthetic infiltration. 4'5Although epinephrine has been reported to delay the absorption of local anaesthetics, little information is available about the effect of local anaesthetics on epinephrine absorption. In a recent study Ueda et al. found that, in combination with lidocaine, the absorption of epinephrine is accelerated following cutaneous infiltration. A local vasodilatatory effect of lidocaine has been postulated as the mechanism. 6The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of lidocaine and bupivacaine on the absorption of epinephrine following rectal mucosal infiltration: to study the systemic absorption of the local anaesthetics employed, and to assess the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of the absorbed epinephrine. MethodsEmploying a randomised cross-over trial design, three groups of five greyhounds weighing 23-33 kg were allocated to receive 1.5p.g.kg -1 of epinephrine 1/ 200,000 in either 0.3 ml 'kg-1 normal saline, 0.5 per cent bupivacalne or 0.5 per cent lidocaine. Following induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone 20 mg. kg-t I.V., controlled ventilation to normocapnia was commenced. Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane 1.5 per cent in oxygen and the oesophageal temperature was mainmined between 37-38~ Continuous ECG, end-tidal CO2 and direct intra-arterial blood pressure were monitored throughout. Following tracheal intubation and cannulation of the femoral artery, a ten-minute period was allowed to elapse to permit any sympathoadrenal response to wane. Baseline arterial blood samples were then taken CAN J ANAESTH 1989 / 36:4/pp 397-401
Arrow-head S. graminea Michx. Muddy shores of Lake Champlain and Winooskl River; rare. July, Aug. Colchester, (Perkins, Griffin); Burlington, (N. F. F.). S. lieteropliylla Pursh. Low muddy shores; occasional. July, Aug. S. latifolia Willd. Wet places; common and presenting many diiTerent forms. Aug., Sept. HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY ELODEA Michx. Water-weed E. canadensis Michx. Slow streams and ponds; frequent. Aug. VALLISNERIA (Mich.) L. Tape Grass. Eel Grass Y. spiralis L. Slow water; frequent. Aug., Sept. GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY AGROPYRON Gaertn. A. cauinum (L.) Beauv. Awned Wheat Grass. Ledges at Winooskl Gorge, Colchester, (Jones). July, Aug. A, REPENs (L.) Beauv. Couch, Quitch, or Quick Grass. Fields: common. June-Aug. A. tenemm Vasey. Slender Wheat Grass. Dry warm rocky woodlands and ledges; frequent. July, Aug. 10 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY AGROSTIS L. Bent Grass A. alba L. Fiorin or White Bent Grass. Moist places; common and extremely variable. Jul3^Var. vulgaris (With.) Thurb. Red Top. Fields and roadsides; common. July. Variable and intergradlng with the species. A stoloniferous form (A. stolonifera auth. not L.) occurs in lawns, Burlington, (Jones). A small form occurs in cool pastures, sometimes having flowering glume awned; Burlington, (Jones). A. liyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Hair Grass. Dry ditches and other exsiccated places; common. June-Aug. A., pereuuaiis (Walt.) Tuck. Thin Grass. Moist shaded places; frequent. Aug., Sept. ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail Grass A. geuiculatus L., var. aristulatus Torr. Floating Foxtail Grass. W^et meadows; occasional. June, July. South Burlington, (Hinsdale); Burlington and Colchester, (Jones). A. PR.\TENSis L. Meadow Foxtail Grass. Introduced in fields. May, June. Burlington, (Jones). ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. Beard Grass A. furcatus Muhl. Forked Beard Grass. Dry rocky river banks; occasional. Aug., Sept. A. scoparius Michx. Broom Beard Grass. Dry sterile soil; occasional. Aug., Sept. ANTHOXANTHUM L. SwEET Vernal Grass A. ODORATUM L. Old meadows and roadsides; occasional. May-July. ARISTIDA L. TriplE-awned Grass A. dicbotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. Sterile gravelly soil; rare. Aug., Sept. Essex, (N. F. F.). ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat Grass A. ELATius (L.) Beauv. Tall Oat Grass. Meadows; rare. June, July. Burlington, (Jones). BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. B. erectuiH (Schreb.) Beauv. Moist shaded places; frequent. July, Aug.
P. dimorphus Raf. Ponds and slow streams; frequent. July, Aug. P. epihj'drus Raf. Still or flowing water; frequent. July, Aug. P. foliosus Raf. Still or flowing water; rare. July, Aug. Burlington and Colchester, (N. F. F.).
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