Over the past seventy years many advances have been made in the field of ship control. Early developments by Sperry and Minorsky on proportional controllers have led to today's modern control systems which have interfacing capabilities with position fixing equipment.This paper presents a brief historical summary of the methods employed in ship control from early proportional devices through the range of adaptive systems and concludes with details of a possible future control method known as intelligent control.Intelligent control consists of three methodologies: expert, fuzzy and neural. An investigation and comparison of the methodologies will present possible future control strategies.
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act has amended the Disability Discrimination Act and requires that students with a disability not be discriminated against or substantially disadvantaged by establishments of further and higher education. Academic web site developers must take steps to ensure that their sites fulfil this requirement, and guidance on compliance is provided by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative's (WAI) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, which offer three levels for assessing accessibility. Tools which give developers feedback on their site are available, but following their recommendations alone will not guarantee SENDA compliance. An audit of UK academic web sites has shown discrepancies between the level of compliance that sites are claiming and that which has been achieved. This would seem to demonstrate that there is a misunderstanding of the requirements necessary to create accessible web sites. This problem is exacerbated by the academic sector's widespread reliance on software accessibility tools, the use of which tends to lead developers to rely on the tools’ quantitative approach when what is required is the inclusion and development of a more qualitative view which prioritises inclusive design from the outset.
This paper examines the perceptions of accrediting prior experiential learning (APEL) from the point of view of lecturers delivering higher education in further education institutions. Despite the fact that APEL is recognised as potentially providing a range of benefits for higher education providers, students and employers, little research has been carried out with those responsible for accreditation. Data were obtained using an online survey to collect information from lecturers about their awareness of and support for APEL. Analysis of this information reveals that confusion about the purpose and implementation remain the main barriers to APEL for this group, and that providing appropriate support for staff could be an effective mechanism for overcoming this. The implications of this study are discussed in relation to the higher education in further education context, with specific reference to the Foundation degree.
Shipborne AIS provides independent traffic information to the bridge lookout on duty. This study examines the effect of AIS enhanced bridge lookout operation by means of a ship simulator. The two groups of participants, all qualified British deep sea deck officers, undertook identical simulation scenarios, but one group had the AIS on and the other did not. Significant differences were found between the two groups in reading the targets' privileged status and handling the head-on situation. Those with AIS information were found to avoid possible collisions faster than the group for whom AIS information was not available.1. AIS. 2. Radar. 3. Collision Avoidance. 4. Simulation. I N T R O D U C T I O N. The aim of a shipborne Automatic IdentificationSystem (AIS) is to help identify vessels, assist in target tracking, simplify information exchange and provide additional information to assist with situation awareness (IMO 2002). IMO Resolution A917 (22), describes AIS as a potential aid in collision avoidance and also highlights the use of AIS as an additional navigation system that supports (but does not replace) the existing navigational system. AIS provides an independent platform of traffic information that is able to enhance and support ship's radar in collision avoidance manoeuvring. Depending upon the system's specifications, near real-time Rate of Turn (ROT) and engine-speed may also be available, while voyage information and navigational status can be obtained via the AIS network.The consensus among users is that AIS has not reached system maturity in terms of the degree of system integration and data display. This study aims to examine the effect on end users operating AIS on the bridge. To examine the effect, a simulator experiment was undertaken, based on a merged AIS bridge operation with correct information displayed throughout the exercise. The focus was on the function of AIS in providing additional information to bridge operations during ship manoeuvring, with the effects of operating AIS measured by means of variable analysis.
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