Background: Patients who survive hip fracture are at high risk of recurrent fractures, but rates of osteoporosis treatment 1 year after sustaining a fracture are less than 10% to 20%. We have developed an osteoporosis case manager intervention. The case manager educated patients, arranged bone mineral density tests, provided prescriptions, and communicated with primary care physicians. The intervention was compared with usual care in a randomized controlled trial. Methods:We recruited from all hospitals that participate in the Capital Health system (Alberta, Canada), including patients 50 years or older who had sustained a hip fracture and excluding those who were receiving osteoporosis treatment or who lived in a long-term care facility. Primary outcome was bisphosphonate therapy 6 months after fracture; secondary outcomes included bone mineral density testing, appropriate care (bone mineral density testing and treatment if bone mass was low), and intervention costs. Results: We screened 2219 patients and allocated 220, as follows: 110 to the intervention group and 110 to the control group. Median age was 74 years, 60% were

• The prevalence of undiagnosed prostate cancer at autopsy is high and increases with age (> 40% among men aged 40-49 yr to > 70% among men aged 70-79 yr).• Only a small proportion of men with prostate cancer have symptoms or die from the disease; most prostate cancers are slowly progressive and not life threatening.• Screening with the PSA test may lead to a small reduction in prostate cancer mortality but not a reduction in all-cause mortality.• Thresholds for PSA of 2.5 to 4.0 ng/mL are commonly used for screening; lower thresholds increase the probability of false-positive results, and no threshold completely excludes prostate cancer.• Harms associated with PSA screening (e.g., bleeding, infection, urinary incontinence, a false-positive result and overdiagnosis) are common.• The PSA test should not be used for screening without a detailed discussion with the patient, ideally with the use of decision aids to facilitate comprehension.