We evaluated the ability of both the conventional and high resolution computed tomography (CCT and HRCT, respectively) scans of the thorax to detect early silicosis in subjects exposed to silica dust in the mines and foundries of Québec for an average of 29 +/- 2 yr. The study was limited to subjects with chest radiograph (CR) of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Categories 0 or 1 as determined independently a priori. All subjects had a standard high-kilovoltage posteroanterior and lateral CR, a set of 10 to 15 1 cm collimation CCT scans, and a set of three to five 2 mm collimation HRCT scans in the upper, middle, and lower lung fields. For each CR and sets of CT scans, readings were done independently by four experienced readers. For small opacities of the lung parenchyma on CR, 32 of the 51 subjects were normal (Group A), six were indeterminate (Group B), and 13 were abnormal (Group C). By the combined readings of HRCT and CCT, 13 of the subjects (40%) in Group A were abnormal (p less than 0.001); four of the subjects in Group B were abnormal, and in Group C, one subject was normal, one indeterminate, and 11 (84%) abnormal. For confluence of small opacities, 48 of the 51 subjects were negative (Group 0), and three were positive (Group 1) on the CR. By the CT scan, 42 of the 48 subjects in Group 0 were negative, and the three subjects in Group 1 were positive; thus the CT scan added six positive cases with confluence of small opacities (six of 48, 12.5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This study was designed to determine whether the benefit of adding salmeterol was superior to doubling the dose of fluticasone propionate (FP) over 6 months, compared to a control group who remained on a lower dose of FP. The multi-centre, double-blind, parallel group study involved 496 symptomatic asthmatic patients with a history of exacerbations on 500-800 micrograms (microg) inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) twice daily (b.d.) in a broadly representative group of 100 hospitals and general practices in six countries. Two doses of FP--250 microg b.d. (FP250) or 500 microg b.d. (FP500)--were compared with the lower dose of FP plus a long-acting beta2-agonist, salmeterol 50 microg b.d. (SM/FP250). Patients symptomatic on the run-in dose of FP250 alone formed the control group in the treatment period. Over 6 months, SM/FP250 significantly improved mean morning peak expiratory flow rates (amPEF) by 42.1 l/min, more than twice the improvement achieved with either dose of FP alone. SM/FP250 also resulted in more symptom-free days and nights (P < 0.002) and days and nights with no relief medication (P < 0.001). The number of severe exacerbations was low: 3, 6 and 8% in the SM/FP250, low- and high-dose FP groups, respectively. This study confirms that adding salmeterol to low-dose inhaled FP offers greater improvements than either maintaining or doubling the dose of FP. Significant benefit was gained from adding salmeterol in a group of patients who appeared to have been at the top of their steroid dose-response curve receiving FP250. There was no evidence of tolerance and a low incidence of exacerbations in all treatment groups.

Computed tomography (CT; both conventional (CCT) and high resolution (HRCT)) scans of the thorax were evaluated to detect early asbestosis in 61 subjects exposed to asbestos dust in Quebec for an average of 22(3) years and in five controls. The study was limited to consecutive cases with chest radiographs of the International Labour Organisation categories 0 or 1 determined independently. All subjects had a standard high kilovoltage posteroanterior and lateral chest radiograph, a set of 10-15 1 cm collimation CCT scans and a set of three to five 2 mm collimation HRCT scans in the upper, middle, and lower lung fields. Five experienced readers independently read each chest radiograph and sets of CT scans. On the basis of three to five readers agreeing for small opacities of the lung parenchyma, 12146 (26%) negative chest radiographs were positive on CT scans, but 6/18 (33%) positive chest radiographs were negative on CT scan. On the basis of four to five readers agreeing on a chest radiograph, 36/66 (54%) subjects were normal (group A), 17/66 (26%) were indeterminate (group B), and 13166 (20%) were abnormal (group C). By the combined readings of CCT and HRCT, 4131 (13%) asbestos exposed subjects of group A were abnormal (p < 0-001), 6/17 (35%) of group B were abnormal, and in group C, 1/13 (8%) was normal, 2/13 were indeterminate, and 10113 (77%) were abnormal. Separate readings of CCT and HRCT on distinct films in 14 subjects showed that all cases of asbestosis were abnormal on both CCT and HRCT. Inter-reader analyses by kappa statistics showed significantly better agreement for the readings of CT than the chest radiographs (p < 0-001), and for the reading of CCT than HRCT (p < 0.01). Thus CT scans of the thorax identifies significantly more irregular opacities consistent with the diagnosis of asbestosis than the chest radiograph (20 cases on CT scans v 13 on chest radiographs when four to five readers agreed, 13% of asbestos exposed subjects with normal chest radiographs or 21% of asbestos exposed subjects with normal or near normal chest radiographs. It decreased the number of indeterminate cases significantly from 17 on chest radiographs to 13 on CT scans. All cases of asbestosis detected only on CT scans were similarly seen on CCT and HRCT and did not have significant changes in lung function. The CT scans significantly reduced the inter-reader variability, despite the absence of ILO type reference films for these scans. (British Journal ofIndustrial Medicine 1993;50:689-698) The current standard criteria for diagnosis of asbestosis are based on an occupational history, interpretation of the chest radiograph by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) standards,' pulmonary function tests, and lung histopathology when available.23Progress in the imaging of several interstitial lung diseases with the use of computed tomography (CT) scans has repeatedly shown that the CT scan can be more sensitive than the chest radiograph for the detection of diffuse lung parenchymal diseases.4 8 Given the known a...

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of asthma management is to help patients establish and maintain optimal disease control. Simple and efficient tools are needed to assess patient-reported symptoms so that they can be used with or without airway function to evaluate asthma control.OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the validity of The 30 Second Asthma Test (GlaxoSmithKline Inc, Canada), based on the Canadian Asthma Guidelines, by estimating its relationship with criterion measures of control.RESULTS: The discriminative and diagnostic validity of The 30 Second Asthma Test™ was examined in a sample of 81 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of asthma. Based on a cut-off score of two or greater on The 30 Second Asthma Test™, the overall agreement with specialist ratings was 65%, and 58% with per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s. The 30 Second Asthma Test™ scores distinguished between groups of patients who were classified based on the change in intensity of therapy.CONCLUSION: The results support the use of The 30 Second Asthma Test™ as a brief screening tool for asthma control.

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Over 400 mutations have been reported at this locus. Although severe forms of cystic fibrosis are usually associated with pancreatic insufficiency, pulmonary dysfunction, and elevated sweat chloride, there is a wide range of phenotypes, including congenital absence of the vas deferens, observed with some of the milder mutations. The L206W mutation, which was first identified in patients from South France, is relatively frequent in French Canadians from Quebec. In this report, we document the atypical form of cystic fibrosis associated with this mutation, in a cohort of 7 French Canadian probands.

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Self-reported symptoms, FEV(1), and clinician judgment are all used to evaluate asthma control. The relative utility of each measure of control cannot be easily assessed. Item response theory (IRT) approaches allow for the direct comparison of the utility of different types of measures used to assess control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of evaluating asthma control using symptom, clinical, and physiologic measures by applying an IRT approach. Subjects receiving care at an asthma clinic were evaluated on measures of asthma control. Based on 114 evaluations, IRT parameters were estimated to evaluate whether measures assessed a single underlying construct, the hierarchical relationship between the measures and the level of control each measure assessed, whether measures targeted all levels of asthma control, and whether the scoring categories distinguished between different levels of control. Infit statistics (0.74-1.5) for individual items showed that all items fit the underlying concept of asthma control. The reproducibility of the hierarchal scale was high (0.9). The results also demonstrated that items differentiated two strata (high, low) of control. The gaps in the hierarchal scale showed that for many subjects (37%) there were no items at their level of asthma control. The IRT approach identified gaps in current measurement that need to be addressed to provide more precise evaluations of control required to accurately monitor changes in patient status.

Data on ten variables and 16 biomarkers were obtained on 119 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary cancer. The prognostic value of 16 biomarkers (alpha-1-antitrypsin [AAT], adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], alpha-fetoprotein [AFP], carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG], immune complexes, immunoglobulins, N-terminal peptide of proopiomelanocortin [NTERM], and tumor-associated antibody [TAA]) was tested by adding these to the model of age, gender, stage, morphology, Feinstein's classification of symptoms, Karnofsky scale, leukocyte count, recent weight loss, and liver enzymes. Using Cox's regression method and a forward stepwise procedure, seven biomarkers (ACTH, AAT, AFP, calcitonin, HCG, TAA, and prolactin) entered the model. Elevated levels of cortisol and TAA were associated with longer survival. The selection of biomarkers by stepwise regression needs to be interpreted with caution, especially since the Z scores were found to be dependent on the particular variables included in the model. Furthermore, when dichotomized on maximum of the normal laboratory values, HCG and AFP were infrequently (2%) elevated. The lack of correlation among the biomarkers supports the hypothesis of random derepression of the genome of cancer cells. Further studies in improved modeling and the formulation of a biomarker index could enhance our understanding of the biology of cancer.