The Siberian hamster survives winter by decreasing food intake and catabolizing abdominal fat reserves, resulting in a sustained, profound loss of body weight. VGF gene expression is photoperiodically regulated in the hypothalamus with significantly higher expression in lean Siberian hamsters. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of VGF in regulating these seasonal cycles by determining the effects of a VGF-derived peptide (TLQP-21) on food intake and body weight. Acute intracerebroventricular administration of TLQP-21 decreased food intake, and chronic treatment caused a sustained reduction in food intake and body weight and decreased abdominal fat depots. Behavioral analysis revealed that TLQP-21 reduced meal size but not the frequency of feeding bouts, suggesting a primary action on satiety. Hamsters treated with TLQP-21 lost a similar amount of weight as a pair-fed group in which food intake was matched to that of the TLQP-21-treated group. Central or peripheral treatment with TLQP-21 did not produce a significant effect on resting metabolic rate. We conclude that the primary action of TLQP-21 is to decrease food intake rather than increase energy expenditure. TLQP-21 treatment caused a decrease in UCP-1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue, but hypothalamic expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptide genes remained unchanged after TLQP-21 treatment, although compensatory increases in NPY and AgRP mRNA were observed in the pair-fed hamsters. The effects of TLQP-21 administration are similar to those in hamsters in short days, suggesting that increased VGF activity may contribute to the hypophagia that underlies the seasonal catabolic state.
This study looks at the problem of creativity test selection by examining the relationships between 15 divergent and non-divergent tests. This practical problem raises two main theoretical issues: whether 'creativity' is a unitary dimension across and within tests, and what relationship this range of abilities bears to I&. A secondary aim is to evaluate four new tests by comparison with the 1 1 others. The tests were administered, along with two IQ reference measures, t o 11 7 10-to 1 1 -year-old school children. Factor analysis of the resulting intercorrelations led to the conclusion t.hat 'creativity ' implies an integrated range of abilities represented by the divergent tests which, although related to general intelligence in subjects of average IQ, remains factoriaily distinct from i t ; within tests, Fluency, Flexibility, Originality and Elaboration subscores were highly intercorrclatetl. Thus, providing that all modes of rcsponse and types of test material are included (drawinglwriting; verbal/non-verbal content), the actual divergent tests chosen are not of vital importance, and calculation of anything other than Fluency scores adds little information. Analysis of the four new tests confirmed this conclusion, and led to suggestions for their further dovolopment.
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