Seroprevalence of leptospirosis was investigated in animals using sera collected from six districts of Uttar Pradesh, India during a period of 2008-2010. Most of these animals were reported to have suffered with fever, jaundice, abortions, repeat breeding etc. A total of 500 sera collected from cattle (250), buffalo (100) and dogs (150) were subjected to microscopic agglutination test, using two leptospiralserovars Viz.L.icterohaemorrhagiae and L. grippotyphosa. More number of samples tested positive forL.icterohaemorrhagiaethan forL. grippotyphosa. Seroprevalence was highest in dogs (9.3%) followed by cattle (8.4%) and buffaloes (6.0%). Animals of Badaun district showed highest seroprevalence for leptospirosis (10.9%). In all the animals seroprevalence was higher during rainy and autumn season in comparison to other seasons. The study indicated a high level of the prevalence of leptospirosis in animals of Rohilkhand region warranting continuous investigations in order to suggest control strategies in the future.
Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of blindness which can be corrected easily. Uncorrected refractive errors are responsible for about 19.7% of blindness in India. The aim and objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of undetected refractive errors in school children and to find out associated factors related to it.Methods: This was a cross sectional study in which school children studying in class 5th to 11th were included. Vision of all the children was checked by using Snellen’s chart. The responses were recorded on a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Data entry was done in MS-EXCEL sheet and analysis was done by using SPSS-23.Results: There are total 350 students out of which 200 (57%) are males and 150 (43%) are females. The undetected refractive error is present in 12% males and 15.3% females. Thus, 47 out of 350 (13.4%) of the children had prevalence of undetected refractive errors.Conclusions: It is recommended that adequate preschool examination of the children be made mandatory as a part of the admission policy of all the schools. In addition, there should be periodic examination of the school children at least on annual basis.
Background: Alcohol is most widely used substance abuse in college students. Use of alcohol is common in both urban as well as in rural area. In our country, there are many influencing factor for Alcohol use like peer pressure, friends, family and social media etc. Alcohol use has also effect on personal level, family as well as our society. So keeping these facts in view, the above mentioned study is being conducted. Aim of the study is to assess the use of alcohol among college going students and to find out factors influencing alcohol use. The study of objectives was done to assess the use of alcohol among college students, to correlate alcohol, use with socio-demographic profile of students and assessment of factors leading to use of alcohol.Methods: The Present study was college based cross sectional study carried out in UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah for a period of one month in January2017. Consent from dean of the college was taken. A total of two hundred undergraduate students were randomly selected as study subjects.Results: Out of total two hundred participants, majority were male. Prevalence of alcohol use in this study was 20%. Most of the participants use alcohol on monthly basis (i.e. 55% and most of them (i.e. 80%) were influenced by their friends to take alcohol. Among them 61% was using alcohol for fun.Conclusions: Parents should have the responsibility for increasing communication with their children. There are need to support the students by fathers and mothers to lower the regular alcohol drinking habit.
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