Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are one of the commonest maladies, affecting 5%–10% of pregnancies worldwide. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) identifies four categories of HDP, namely gestational hypertension (GH), Preeclampsia (PE), chronic hypertension (CH), and CH with superimposed PE. PE is a multisystem, heterogeneous disorder that encompasses 2%–8% of all pregnancy‐related complications, contributing to about 9% to 26% of maternal deaths in low‐income countries and 16% in high‐income countries. These translate to 50 000 maternal deaths and over 500 000 fetal deaths worldwide, therefore demanding high priority in understanding clinical presentation, screening, diagnostic criteria, and effective management. PE is accompanied by uteroplacental insufficiency leading to vascular and metabolic changes, vasoconstriction, and end‐organ ischemia. PE is diagnosed after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women who were previously normotensive or hypertensive. Besides shallow trophoblast invasion and inadequate remodeling of uterine arteries, dysregulation of the nonimmune system has been the focal point in PE. This results from aberrant immune system activation and imbalanced differentiation of T cells. Further, a failure of tolerance toward the semi‐allogenic fetus results due to altered distribution of Tregs such as CD4+FoxP3+ or CD4+CD25+CD127(low) FoxP3+ cells, thereby creating a cytotoxic environment by suboptimal production of immunosuppressive cytokines like IL‐10, IL‐4, and IL‐13. Also, intracellular production of complement protein C5a may result in decreased FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. With immune system dysfunction as a major driver in PE pathogenesis, it is logical that therapeutic targeting of components of the immune system with pharmacologic agents like anti‐inflammatory and immune‐modulating molecules are either being used or under clinical trial. Cholesterol synthesis inhibitors like Pravastatin may improve placental perfusion in PE, while Eculizumab (monoclonal antibody inhibiting C5) and small molecular inhibitor of C5a, Zilucoplan are under investigation. Monoclonal antibody against IL‐17(Secukinumab) has been proposed to alter the Th imbalance in PE. Autologous Treg therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti‐CTLA‐4 are emerging as new candidates in immune horizons for PE management in the future.
Purpose Social interaction applications and reference tools are actively used by researchers to share and manage their research publications. Thus, this paper aims to determine the scholarly impact of selected Indian central universities. Design/methodology/approach This study analyzed 669 articles having both Dimensions citations and Altmetric attention scores published by 35 Indian central universities for 4 subfields of Computer Science using Altmetric Explorer. This paper determined each university’s contribution in the studied subfields of Computer Science and the correlation among Altmetric attention score (aggregated and individual), Dimensions citation, and Mendeley readership counts for all 669 articles and stratified percentile sets of top 25%, and top 50% of the overall number of articles. Findings The findings showed that Jawaharlal Nehru University had the maximum Altmetric attention score, Banaras Hindu University received the maximum Dimensions citation, and University of Hyderabad (UoH) received the maximum number of Mendeley readers. Each central university was examined individually and then ranked based on their median values of Dimensions citations and Altmetric attention scores. Further, Twitter had the maximum Altmetric coverage, followed by Google+, Patent and Facebook for the retrieved articles. A significant strong positive correlation was observed between the Dimensions citation and Mendeley readership counts for all the three categories. Research limitations/implications Both Altmetric attention scores and Dimensions citations can help funding agencies to assess and evaluate the research productivity of these universities, thus, making important decisions such as increasing, decreasing, re-distributing their funds. Originality/value The current body of research is focused mostly on relationships between citations and individual Altmetric indicators predominantly. For most of the studies, the citations were retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science or Google Scholar database. It was observed that by far, no study had examined the relationship between citations retrieved from Dimensions database, Altmetrics scores (both aggregated and individual) and Mendeley readership counts.
The study was conducted in Solan town of Himachal Pradesh, it explore various practices which can help to educate an investor so that problem of trading can be overcome and its scope can be highlighted. For this study, sample size was 120 which was taken from Solan town of Himachal Pradesh. The study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the advantages, disadvantages and future prospects of online trading. The study has observed that maximum respondents were of the age group 30-40 years and also observed that changes in the income reflect that more people start investing as there income increases. Government officials were largely inclined for investment options involving high risk investment. Eagerness was seen among the investors to at least get back the amount they had invested. The investors' seen to be satisfied by the types of choices available to them. New trading mechanism can be formed to allow the trading of stocks in the world's global companies. Non adopters can be encouraged to trade online by offering incentives. As hacking is very common in case of online trading so there is a need to review the security system. AbstractArticle History
The study was conducted at Solan town of Himachal Pradesh. It has highlighted the key areas of gender differences in the selection of investment avenues in a very substantive manner. The study was undertaken with the objective of knowing the various investment avenues available to household investors and the factors influencing investment decision making and also the significant differences in factor influencing decision making with respect to gender. While studying the awareness level of the investors about the various investment avenues available, it was observed that males were largely inclined for investment options involving high risk, whereas females were more attracted towards the traditional investment avenues like gold and silver. Study revealed that the female gender are risk averse and invest small amount of their income in low risk investment avenues whereas male gender are risk seekers and invest larger part of their income in diversified investment avenues involving high risk. The comparative analysis found that the male respondents were more interested towards real-estate and the female respondents were active towards bank fixed deposits. Male investors prefer growth and income component whereas female investors were inclined for long-term growth component and safety aspect of investment. Most of the males and females respondents who have invested are from the mid age the investment companies should invent new investment schemes for targeting the other age group people. The investment companies should make new schemes which are less risky so that the mid income group people could also invest.
Recently there have appeared papers ([7], [8]; also see [9]) in which integral equations with kernels involving the confluent hypergeometric functionhave been studied. These equations are mainly Volterra equations of the first kind except that they have infinite domain (0, ∞). The rest are of the related type with integrals over (x, ∞) instead of (0, x); and all are convolution equations.
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