The exponentially rising cases of Leishmaniasis over the past decades, has attracted scientists and clinicians to mitigate the contagious infection by modern treatments and new generation vaccinations. Leishmania, the causative pathogen of this infection predominantly expresses its diseased condition in form of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although systemic leishmaniasis, is a more deadly form, but cases of its manifestation are limited; thereby staging the focus onto more intricate study of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Designing a vaccine against Leishmania has witnessed more than two generations of vaccine, but each attempt has failed more than it's cases of success. The proposed drawbacks root to the difficulty in ensuring an efficient transition of research from simple laboratory experiments carried out in-vitro/in-vivo in small animals to that of the humans. There have been extensive case studies of this disease and thus every immunological aspect has been our focus. This paper is an attempt to decipher the ideas and methodologies adopted till date and further target the genetic spans and molecular moieties, for crafting an alternative vaccine based on efforts to mock the pathogenic pathways.
Context: Blood Pressure guidelines to pre-hypertension defines it as systolic blood pressure of 120-139mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 80-89mmHg in adults. Aim: To estimate the burden of prehypertension among MBBS Students admitted at Tertiary care centre in India. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted at tertiary care centre in India, among 350 MBBS students (academic year 2015-2018) and 50 interns (academic year 2014) of Maharaja Agrasen Medical College (MAMC), Agroha, Hisar, Haryana. Blood pressure of all subjects was measured. A total of three readings were recorded and the lowest of three readings was taken. Statistical analysis: Data was entered into MS excel sheet and prevalence was calculated accordingly. Results: The overall prevalence of prehypertension among MBBS students came out to be 44.25%, while none of the study subject was hypertensive in this study. The students hailed from urban and rural background. It was seen that maximum prevalence (52%) of prehypertension was among third year MBBS students. Conclusion: Subjects at risk of pre hypertension need proper evaluation and appropriate management to prevent serious, long term complications. If the rise in BP with age could be prevented or diminished, much of hypertension, cardiovascular, renal diseases and stroke might be prevented.
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