The development of versatile methods for the formation of carbon‐nitrogen bonds has significant impact on the synthetic chemistry community. However, it remains challenging owing to the utilization of costly catalyst systems and harsh reaction conditions. Compared to conventional methods, photoredox catalysis which harnesses the energy from light has emerged as an environmentally benign and cost‐effective strategy for promoting challenging C−N bond constructions. Furthermore, the synergistic action of photoredox catalysis with another catalytic process has a profound impact on the reactivity profiles of many traditional synthetic routes. Over the recent years, immense progress has been made towards expediting photocatalysis in dual‐catalysis for achieving various industrially important C−N bond formation processes under milder conditions. This review highlights the advancement of the state‐of‐the‐art achieved in these dual‐catalytic platforms for the construction of C−N bonds over the last decade.
Here, we report the cerium mediated decarboxylative alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones utilizing feedstock carboxylic acids as radical precursor via photoinduced-LMCT. This operationally simple protocol overcomes the limitation of direct use of...
The key significance of the radical cascade process is considered to build complex organic frameworks. As a result, introducing pharmaceutically important heterocycle to cascade reaction for its regioselective functionalization in...
Antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir (Veklury), Nirmatrelvir with Ritonavir (Paxlovid), Azvudine, and Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) can reduce the risk for severe and fatal Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. Although chronic kidney disease is a highly prevalent risk factor for severe and fatal COVID-19, most clinical trials with these drugs excluded patients with impaired kidney function. Advanced CKD is associated with a state of secondary immunodeficiency (SIDKD), which increases the susceptibility to severe COVID-19, COVID-19 complications, and the risk of hospitalization and mortality among COVID-19 patients. The risk to develop COVID-19 related acute kidney injury is higher in patients with precedent CKD. Selecting appropriate therapies for COVID-19 patients with impaired kidney function is a challenge for healthcare professionals. Here, we discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of COVID-19-related antiviral drugs with a focus on their potential use and dosing in COVID-19 patients with different stages of CKD. Additionally, we describe the adverse effects and precautions to be taken into account when using these antivirals in COVID-19 patients with CKD. Lastly, we also discuss about the use of monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19 patients with kidney disease and related complications.
Embracing sustainable green methodologies and techniques in chemical transformations has always been in the limelight to the synthetic community. Electrosynthesis has emerged as a powerful, sustainable synthetic tool for molecular synthesis exploiting inexpensive electricity in place of sacrificial chemical oxidizing/reducing reagents. Herein, recent advances in the incorporation of transition metal‐free redox mediators in electrosynthesis for the construction of C−N bonds are outlined. Furthermore, conjugation of this strategy with flow catalysis allows easy scale up of the synthesis of molecular assembly. This comprehensive Review provides an overview of metal‐free mediated electro‐construction of C−N bonds, focusing on the reaction mechanisms involved and its synthetic applications.
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