Methlods of swallowing. A simple type of protozoon such as amalba engulfs food by protoplasmic flow; part of the organism wraps itself round the particle and ingests it. IIl higher types this unicellular action is replaced by a mutlticellular mechanism, in which many cells combine to cngulf food by concerted action. Longitudinal muscle fibres contract and pull part of the food tract over the bolus, which is then prevented from escaping by contraction of circular fibres and is carried downwards bv their peristaltic action.
THERE iS considerable confusion in descriptions of laryngeal paralysis, and this confusion seems to arise from different causes. The first difference of opinion concerns the nerve supply of the laryngeal muscles, the second their mode of action, and the third the appearances and description of the results of disturbances of innervation. It will be best, therefore, to discuss the question under various headings. Nerve supply.-I have obtained from Dr. G. Weddell the correct interpretation of the derivation of the motor fibres supplying the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; it is stated that they are localized in the lower part of the nucleus ambiguus, which belongs to the spinal accessory nerve [1]. The fibres arising from these motor cells leave the cranium in the eleventh nerve, which then divides into an internal and external branch. The former joins
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.