Abstract-We identify an analytical expression for the distortion of a scalable video bitstream containing a Base Layer (BL) and one or more Enhancement Layer (EL) bitstreams. Considering the different priority of BL and EL, we adopt our distortion expression for each of these bitstreams separately. Utilizing these distortion models, we propose a pair of low complexity Unequal Error Protection (UEP) methods for transmitting these bitstreams over a tandem channel. These onedimensional Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding schemes, protect each bitstream against both bit errors caused by fading and packet erasures caused by network buffering. They also combat temporally correlated loss effects observed over tandem channels by using optimal symbol interleaving. We evaluate the performance of our proposed schemes by comparing their results against those of Equal Error Protection (EEP) and those of a number of UEP methods as well. We illustrate the performance advantage of our schemes over other schemes for different available budgets and channel conditions.
We propose a method for selecting an optimal spatial filter based on both spectral and spatial information to improve the discriminability of hyperspectral textures. The feature vector for each texture class contains the covariance matrix elements in filtered versions of the texture. The new method reduces the length of the representation by selecting an optimal subset of bands and also uses an optimized spatial filter to maximize the distance between feature vectors for the different texture classes. Band selection is performed based on the stepwise reduction of bands. We have applied this method to a database of textures acquired under different illumination conditions and analyzed the classification results.
In this paper, we introduce an analytical expression for the expected distortion of a single layer encoded video bit-stream. Based on the expected distortion model, we propose a distortionoptimal Unequal Error Protection (UEP) technique to transmit such bit-stream over a wireless tandem channel. The proposed method allocates the total transmission budget unequally to different frames of a video bit-stream in order to protect the bit-stream against both bit errors caused by fading and packet erasures caused by network buffering. We compare this technique with another UEP technique as well as a one-dimension equal length protection technique. The evaluation results for different choices of packet sizes, available budgets, and channel conditions show that the proposed method outperforms the other alternative schemes.
Background Repairing dermal skin defects denotes a challenging obstacle in wound healing. Wound healing activities of estrogen have been noted in many experimental models proposing their beneficial role in wound closure and treatments of impaired wound healing. To study the most significant problem in dermal defect regeneration, namely collagen formation and insufficient blood supply, this study aimed to evaluate different concentrations of estrogen in the co-culture of fibroblast and endothelial cells. Methods The human fibroblast (C163) and Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were co-cultured and treated with different concentrations of estrogen solution. The cytotoxic effect of estrogen solution was evaluated by MTT assay while expression of endothelial markers (CD31) and Vimentin in treated cells was examined using Real-time PCR and Immunofluorescence analysis. Wound healing capacity in human fibroblast cells was studied by a scratch test assay. Results Estrogen has a dose-dependent proliferation effect on C163 and HUVEC co-culture cells with a significant growth inhibition at concentrations higher than 75 ng/ml concentration. We demonstrated that estrogen increased the growth, proliferation, and migration of C163 and HUVEC co-culture cells, accordingly, cell viability and scratch tests. C163 and HUVEC co-culture cells were cultured by estrogen treatments, which also improved the expression of the CD31 and Vimentin markers. Conclusions These results provide further insight into the function of biological agents in the wound healing process and may have significant approaches for the use of estrogen in skin wound healing.
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