In development of new product major constraints are poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Crystallization is one the approach has been used for enhancement of solubility of poorly aqueous soluble drugs also helps to improve physicochemical properties such as melting point, tabletability, solubility, stability, bioavailability and permeability with preserving the pharmacological properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Different methods have been used for the synthesis of cocrystal such as grinding, slurry, antisolvent, hot melt extrusion, sonocrystallization, supercritical fluid, spray drying etc. The article highlights the co-crystallization, its methods and significance.
Background: Surface detail reproduction (SDR) and dimensional stability of elastomeric impression material play a crucial role in fixed prosthodontics. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of chemical disinfection on SDR and dimensional stability of polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) and polyether (PE) with a new vinyl polyether silicone (VPES) elastomeric impression material. Materials and Methods: A stainless steel mold was made to fabricate the study specimens for nonaqueous PVS, PE, and VPES elastic dental impression materials. Single mix impression techniques with light- and heavy-body consistency of all three materials were used to prepare the test specimens. The specimens were immersed in glutaraldehyde (Cidex) 2.45% and sodium hypochlorite (Hypo) 3.0% disinfection for 15 min (T1) and 12 h (T2) immersion after which dimensional stability and SDR were recorded using stereomicroscope and digital Vernier caliper. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA, paired t -test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Dimensional stability at the T2 time interval showed a highly significant difference for control and glutaraldehyde groups ( P < 0.001), whereas a statistically significant difference for Hypo group ( P < 0.05). SDR of the three materials when compared at T1 time interval showed a statistically significant difference ( P = 0.015). A comparison between two disinfectants at T1 time interval revealed a highly significant difference ( P < 0.001), while at T2 interval significant difference was obtained ( P = 0.009). Conclusion: VPES impressions display acceptable dimensional stability and SDR for clinical use with immersion disinfection. Although some statistically significant differences in linear dimensional stability and semidefinite programming were observed among VPES, PE, and PVS, but the clinical impact of these differences is minor considering the overall accuracy of casts which was high.
Dermal or transdermal route is more convenient route of administration than oral or parentral route of drug delivery. Outer most layer of the human skin is stratum corneum and it is main barrier for penetration of drug through skin and causes reduction in bioavailability of drug. Most of the drugs don't have ability to cross the stratum corneum for that purpose skin penetration enhancers are developed to improve bioavailability of drug and increase range of drugs which can be given by transdermal or topical route. The present review article include need, different approaches of permeation or penetration enhancement contain drug vehicle based, chemical methods physical methods etc and list of patented penetration enhancers. Drug vehicle based method includes complexes, vesicles etc. Chemical method includes use of different chemicals like surfactants, terpenes, alcohol, urea etc. Physical method includes use of methods like microneedle, use of ultrasonic waves, electroporation etc.
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