Fatty acids are widespread naturally occurring compounds, and essential constituents for living organisms. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) appeared as physiologically relevant metabolites for their involvement with gut microbiota, immunology, obesity, and other pathophysiological functions. This has raised the demand for reliable analytical detection methods in a variety of biological matrices. Here, we describe an updated overview of sample pretreatment techniques and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based methods for quantitative analysis of SCFAs in blood, plasma, serum, urine, feces and bacterial cultures. The present review incorporates various procedures and their applications to help researchers in choosing crucial parameters, such as pretreatment for complex biological matrices, and variables for chromatographic separation and detection, to establish a simple, sensitive, and robust quantitative method to advance our understanding of the role of SCFAs in human health and disease as potential biomarkers.
The discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) provided a profound new insight into physiological and metabolic functions. FGF has a large family by having divergent structural elements and enable functional divergence and specification. FGF and FGFRs are highly expressed during kidney development. Signals from the ureteric bud regulate morphogenesis, nephrogenesis, and nephron progenitor survival. Thus, FGF signaling plays an important role in kidney progenitor cell aggregation at the sites of new nephron formation. This review will summarize the current knowledge about functions of FGF signaling in kidney development and their ability to promote regeneration in injured kidneys and its use as a biomarker and therapeutic target in kidney diseases.Further studies are essential to determine the predictive significance of the various FGF/FGFR deviations and to integrate them into clinical algorithms.
COVID-19 is announced as a global pandemic in 2020. The emergent
outbreak of COVID-19 prompted by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) keeps spreading globally. Its mortality and
morbidity rate are rapidly increasing, and medication options are still
limited. A patient’s immune response plays a pivotal role in the
pathogenesis of COVID-19. Hyperinflammatory state may sparks significant
imbalances in transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes, and subsequent
alteration of drug pharmacokinetics that may result in unexpected
therapeutic response. The present scenario has accounted the requirement
for therapeutic opportunities to relive and overcome this pandemic.
Despite the fact, the diminishing developments of COVID-19, there is no
drug still approved to have significant effects with no side effect.
Based on the evidence, many antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs have
been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the
COVID-19 patients even though not knowing the possible drug-drug
interactions. Hydroxychloroquine is the first medicine chosen for the
treatment of disease. Remdesivir, favipiravir, and molnupiravir are
deemed the most hopeful antiviral agent; by improving health of infected
patients. The dexamethasone saved the lives of seriously ill patients.
Many randomized and controlled clinical trials are taking place to
further corroborate these agent’s safety and efficacy in handling
COVID-19. The current review summarizes the involvement of drug
transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes for the existing drugs and
gives the opinion on the potential drug-drug interactions in an
inflammatory state. This may permit the individualization of these drugs
thereby enhancing the safety and efficacy.
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