Simultaneous administration of mifepristone and 400 μg vaginal misoprostol is an effective alternative to standard regimens for medical abortion up to 49 days of gestation.

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is one of the most important and common public health problem not only in India but also in most of the South East Asian countries. Anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the world. There is predominance of iron deficiency anaemia (nutritional anaemia). In pregnancy, it is one of the leading causes responsible for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.Objective: To find out the risk factors associated with anaemia in pregnant women at MMIMSR during the study period with special reference to the severity of the disease.Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala. The study was carried out between the period of october 2012 to September 2014.A total of 200 cases of moderate and severe anaemia were included in the study on the basis of simple random sampling method and 200 cases of non anaemic subjects were included to serve as controls for the anaemic group, during the study period. Hb gm/dl was taken as criteria for deciding anaemia cases and also to classify them according to the severity. Cases were classified according to WHO criteria.Results: Out of 200 cases of anaemia, 70% were moderately anaemic (Hb 7 – 9.9gm/dl) and 30% were severly anaemic (Hb < 7gm/dl). Microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia (82.5%) was more prevalent suggesting nutritional inadequacies as cause of anaemia.Conclusion: In the present study maternal illiteracy, low SES, inadequate antenatal care, close birth spacing, poor nutrition were all risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy Microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia (82.5%) was more prevalent suggesting nutritional inadequacies as cause of anaemia.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(4) 2018 p.583-592

Objective: To find out the situation and causes of anaemia in pregnant women at MMIMSR during the study period with special reference to the severity of the disease and to find out foetal outcome in pregnant women with anaemia. Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala(India). The study was carried out between the period of october 2012 to September 2014.A total of 200 cases of moderate and severe anaemia were included in the study on the basis of simple random sampling method and 200 cases of non anaemic subjects were included to serve as controls for the anaemic group, during the study period. Hb gm/dl was taken as criteria for deciding anaemia cases and also to classify them according to the severity. Cases were classified according to WHO criteria. Results: Out of 200 cases of anaemia, 70% were moderately anaemic (Hb 7 – 9.9gm/dl) and 30% were severly anaemic (Hb < 7gm/dl). Microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia (82.5%) was more prevalent suggesting nutritional inadequacies as cause of anaemia. Adverse foetal outcome in the form of preterm birth (17%), still birth (3.5%), low birth weight babies (27.5%), neonatal morbidity (23.3%) was more in the anaemic group than non anaemic controls Conclusion: Anaemia in pregnancy has adverse foetal outcome in the form of decreased birth weight, increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.63-72

Background: Chronic Renal Insufficiency is a major public health problem. Cardiovascular Disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients at every stage of Chronic Kidney Disease. There is a 10-200 fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease in those with Chronic Kidney Disease compared to the age and sex matched with general population, depending on the stage of Chronic Kidney Disease. Objective: The objective of the study was to see correlation, if any, of cardiac status and stage of kidney disease. Materials and methods: The study was conducted at M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala. Thirty patients of Chronic Kidney Disease were included in the study. Chronic Kidney Disease is defined as kidney damage lasting for more than 3 months characterised by structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney, with or without decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), according to the K/DOQI Guidelines. Inclusion criteria were based on symptomatology and clinical history of features suggestive of Chronic Kidney Disease. Symptoms, Signs and history of the patients were used to filter out patients who did not fit in the criteria and selected patients on the basis of criteria were further evaluated and investigated. All patients were subjected to detailed history and clinical examination. Patients with age <20 years, with history of Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Intrinsic Diseases of Ventricles, Congenital Heart Disease and chronic smokers were excluded from the study. A standard 12 lead ECG was done in all cases. Echocardiography was done in ECHO lab of Cardiology unit in MMIMSR. Echocardiographic assessment was done by using Model vivid Colour Doppler Echocardiography machine of GE make. Apical four chamber view was employed to obtain the measurements of Left ventricular volume in diastole and systole, Ejection fraction; Left Ventricular Indices were assessed and then were used to calculate Left Ventricular Mass by using the cube formula proposed by Devereux. Patients included in the study were treated as per the standard treatment schedule. The data obtained was analysed with appropriate statistical analysis tools at the end of the study and conclusive evidence was derived. Results: In the present study the mean Left Ventricular Mass was 249.76 ± 69.35 gms with 73% study cases having Left Ventricular Mass more than the reference range, also Left Ventricular Mass showed a progressive rise with increase in S. Creatinine levels. In the present study, Left Ventricular dysfunction was seen in nearly half of the cases while approximately one-fourth cases (23%) also had Systolic Dysfunction. Pericardial Effusion was also observed in 10 % the study cases in the present study.Conclusion: Cardiac functions particularly Left Ventricular parameters. Left Ventricular free wall thickness and Left Ventricular Mass being common abnormality in CKD patients.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(2) 2016 p.207-215

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of global burden of disease. In a study, prevalence of hypertension in India was quoted 13.1% and only 16.7% of the person had achieved BP control of 140/90mm Hg. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a slow and progressive circulation disorder which is characterized by narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the leg and arm muscles. It is estimated that PAD affects 2 billion people worldwide. It is also estimated that of all the hypertensives at presentation, 2-5% have claudication. Similarly 50-92% of patients with PAD have hypertension. The Ankle-brachial Index (ABI) is the ratio of the systolic blood pressures between the dorsalis pedis and the posterior tibial artery to the higher of the systolic blood pressures in the two brachial arteries. The ABI's sensitivity is 90% and its specificity is 98%. Normal ABI range of 1.00 to 1.40.The patient is diagnosed with PAD when the ABI is ≤ 0.90, ABI Acts as an independent predictor of coronary and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Materials and methods: In this study 100 patients were registered who were suffering from hypertension, which include both indoor and outdoor patients, were studied. These patients were between the age group 45-75 years. In this study 82 were males and 18 were females. .Patients with history of Diabetes, Smoking, Hyperlipidemia, and with other risk factors excluding hypertension were excluded from the study. Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) was measured for the patients. A Doppler ultrasound blood flow detector and a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) was used to measure ABI. The patient is diagnosed with PAD when the ABI is ≤ 0.90 Observation: Total number of patients 100. Prevalence rate of peripheral arterial disease in hypertensive patients with age group (45-75) was 7%. The highest prevalence rate was seen in patients in age group 65-75 years. Males had slightly higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease than females. Prevalence of ECG abnormalities suggesting cardiovascular disease was higher in patients with peripheral arterial disease than patients without peripheral arterial disease. Abnormal ABI (<0.9) was found in significantly higher proportion of patients with clinical evidence of peripheral arterial disease (86%) than in patients without clinical evidence of peripheral arterial disease (1.1%). Conclusion: The present study shows that ABI is a valuable method for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in patients of Hypertension and should be applied in routine practices which may improve cardiovascular risk prediction