Understanding of the pathogenesis and mechanical alterations in cases with a bifid arch of atlas can assist in evaluating the clinical implications and in conduct of surgery.
Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are at an increased risk of spinal fractures due to the altered spinal biomechanics. Moreover, it is difficult to treat these fractures due to the combination of ankylosis and osteoporosis. We report successful management of a C6-C7 vertebral fracture in a patient with AS. The patient improved in his neurological status and a good fusion was seen at a follow-up of 24 months.
For selected indications, an inferior frontal or orbital cortical approach can be used effectively and safely to approach lesions in relation to the frontal horn. The approach needs to be precise to avoid injury to vital adjoining structures.
We report a case of a young girl who was admitted with history of sudden onset left hemiplegia, when she was 5 years old. Investigations revealed no vascular malformation or abnormality. On conservative treatment, she progressively improved and had residual hemiparesis. She continued to have intermittent episodes of generalized and focal convulsions. For persistent convulsions, she was investigated again with MRI and angiography after 5 years of first presentation. Investigations at this time revealed a large arteriovenous malformation in the left posterior frontal region. The arteriovenous malformation was resected by surgery. Following surgery, the episodes of convulsions reduced. Arteriovenous malformations are generally considered to be congenital lesions and their size and physical architecture generally remains constant. The presented case clearly demonstrated de novo appearance or growth of the size of the arteriovenous malformation. Such a pattern of development and growth of a arteriovenous malformation is rare and only infrequently reported.
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