The relationship between institutions and economic growth has attracted significant attention in recent years with the dominant view being that institutional quality positively influences economic performance of a country. However, the impact of similar kind of institutions on economic growth varies across regions and countries. Various reasons including, Income inequality and ethnic fragmentation have been put forth as proximate cause of the weaker relationship between institutions and economic growth [Easterly, et. al (2006); Ann-Sofie (2007)]. However not enough literature is available on why the impact of similar set of institutions on growth varies across countries and regions. Given that inequality may weaken the impact of institutional quality on growth, this study seeks to examine the composite impact of institutional quality and inequality on growth in selected Asian economies
Ecotourism is an instrument for protecting the natural landscape along with improving the livelihood of the rural communities. It helps minimise the negative impacts of tourism on bio-diversity of the protected areas .With the increasing prospects of better infrastructure and improved means of communication under the framework of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), there is huge potential for promoting ecotourism in the ecologically fragile areas like Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). This paper attempts to evaluate the theoretical concept of ecotourism and sustainable development and also analyses how the two issues are intertwined. Furthermore, it explores the prospects for developing ecotourism in GB with the help of a better infrastructure development as planned under the CPEC. While doing so, this study examines the potential benefits of ecotourism for sustainable development of the rural communities of GB.
This study examines poor households’ vulnerability to idiosyncratic and covariate shocks in Pakistan. First, it observes households’ socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic factors that influence the incidence of shocks. Second, it examines households coping strategies adopted to mitigate the negative effects of these shocks. For this purpose, we have studied the shock patterns in poor households and examined the role of the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) in protecting these households against various shocks. Results indicate simultaneous exposure of idiosyncratic and covariate shocks to the targeted households. Moreover, with a low level of physical and financial assets owned by these households, they resort to coping strategies which are further damaging in nature. We also analyzed shock coping strategies of the sampled households and found that informal coping mechanisms are more prevalent among the poor households when hit by shocks. We have concluded that BISP is ineffective in protecting households in times of shocks and it is thus suggested that the transfers under this program should be generous in size and responsive to shocks in order to be an effective coping strategy for the poor.
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