Infrared divergences in the perturbative expansion of gauge theory amplitudes and cross sections have been a focus of theoretical investigations for almost a century. New insights still continue to emerge, as higher perturbative orders are explored, and high-precision phenomenological applications demand an ever more refined understanding. This review aims to provide a pedagogical overview of the subject. We briefly cover some of the early historical results, we provide some simple examples of low-order applications in the context of perturbative QCD, and discuss the necessary tools to extend these results to all perturbative orders. Finally, we describe recent developments concerning the calculation of soft anomalous dimensions in multi-particle scattering amplitudes at high orders, and we provide a brief introduction to the very active field of infrared subtraction for the calculation of differential distributions at colliders.

Aim:The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced many aspects of a woman's life. The aim of the present study was to explore whether hospital isolation and containment policies among women giving birth in COVID-19 Level 3 facility enhanced psycho-emotional distress in the immediate postpartum period. Methodology: The study was designed as an observational study. All women giving birth at Santosh Hospital, a Level 3 COVID facility in Ghaziabad, from June 2020 to October 2020, were studied. Data collection was done by a pretested structured questionnaire which was administered to the participants in isolation ward on the second postpartum day. The women were interrogated regarding the experiences of the COVID isolation ward with special reference to the problems faced during their stay there, the anxiety for the baby, loneliness, and other factors. The women were evaluated using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Result: The study group comprised 61 women who delivered in our hospital. The mean age of the subjects was 24.2 ± 1.2 years. In the study, majority of the patients were distressed with loneliness (54%) and anxiety for the baby (43%). As the policy of the institution was to hand over the newborn baby immediately to the attendants, the mother was bound to be distressed. Sleeplessness, loss of appetite, and boredom were other problems faced by the COVID-positive patients. The incidence of postnatal depression was 24.5% during COVID-19 pandemic in this institution. In the study, we found that patients with postnatal complications, patients who had symptoms of COVID, whose baby was handed over to the attendants, postpartum stay more than 7 days, and inability to connect to the family had a statistically significant correlation with those who had EPDS score >13. Conclusion:The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that perinatal mental health and well-being needs to be protected during this time.

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Background: Infertility is a worldwide health problem with very definite physiological, psychological and social implications. According to studies, about 30% of infertility cases are due to the male factors, 40 to 50% have the origin of female factors and 20 to 30% of cases are caused by both male and female factors. Genital tuberculosis is among the main causes of female infertility. Due to its high prevalence, especially in developing countries, work-up of an infertile couple should include evaluation for tuberculosis irrespective of history or exposure. The objective of the present study is to find out the prevalence of genital tuberculosis in all females presenting with infertility in a tertiary care hospital over a given period of time, and diagnostic comparison of endometrial tuberculosis by GeneXpert and Histopathological examination (HPE).Methods: The prospective observational study was conducted from January 2016-June 2017.A total of 81 endometrial tissue samples were collected from the women, satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: GeneXpert scored negative in our study. On HPE, out of 81 patients, proliferative endometrium (anovulatory) was found in 34 cases (41.9%), non-specific endometritis in 1 case (1.23%) and 1 case (1.23%) was found positive for tubercular endometritis. Secretory endometrium was found in 45 cases (55.55%).Conclusions: Endometrial biopsy shows not only the tuberculous endometritis, but also gives additional information about hormone response of endometrium, local factors of endometrium concerning non-specific and specific infections and anovulatory cycles. Gene Expert if positive on endometrial biopsy is a reliable test for FGTB and treatment can be started on its basis.

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