Pesticides are either natural or chemically synthesized compounds that are used to control a variety of pests. These chemical compounds are used in a variety of sectors like food, forestry, agriculture and aquaculture. Pesticides shows their toxicity into the living systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes them based on their detrimental effects, emphasizing the relevance of public health. The usage can be minimized to a least level by using them sparingly with a complete grasp of their categorization, which is beneficial to both human health and the environment. In this review, we have discussed pesticides with respect to their global scenarios, such as worldwide distribution and environmental impacts. Major literature focused on potential uses of pesticides, classification according to their properties and toxicity and their adverse effect on natural system (soil and aquatic), water, plants (growth, metabolism, genotypic and phenotypic changes and impact on plants defense system), human health (genetic alteration, cancer, allergies, and asthma), and preserve food products. We have also described eco-friendly management strategies for pesticides as a green solution, including bacterial degradation, myco-remediation, phytoremediation, and microalgae-based bioremediation. The microbes, using catabolic enzymes for degradation of pesticides and clean-up from the environment. This review shows the importance of finding potent microbes, novel genes, and biotechnological applications for pesticide waste management to create a sustainable environment.
Rhizospheric soil is enriched with diverse microbial communities, which
give rise to sophisticated plant-microbes interactions via chemical communication. The
bacteria attain communication through quorum sensing and lead to biofilm formation,
developing connections between the cell density, and altering gene expression. Such
processes include diffusion and accumulation of signal molecules such as autoinducer
i.e. acyl-homoserine lactones, Autoinducer-2 (AI-2), QS pheromone, etc. in the
environment and trigger the expression of the gene. Due to increment in cell density,
bacteria produce the substances that inhibit the growth of pathogens, fix nitrogen and
optimize nodule formation. Moreover, the adaptability of microbial communities under
stress conditions directly/indirectly was correlated with host plant growth. The plants
and soil microorganisms equally face the abiotic stresses and may cause environmental
tolerance and adaptability via complex physiological and cellular mechanisms. The
recent knowledge of the plant-microbe relationship and their communication
mechanisms can be helpful in the development and commercialization of agricultural
practices to improve desired crop health and productivity under various abiotic and
biotic stresses. This chapter explores such habiting microbial communications in
rhizosphere attributing to soil environment in various means.
From ancient time, plants have been utilized as a great source of medicinal products for several types of diseases and disorders. Traditional knowledge is an important source for the development of new drugs. Several studies revealed that traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is being practised among several tribes throughout the world. Many researchers have been evaluated the authenticity of this information. Family Asteraceae got an important place among this medicinal heritage. This is one of the widely distributed families and large numbers of plants have been utilized in various skin-related problems. This chapter highlights the ethnopharmacological properties of this family.
From ancient time, plants have been utilized as a great source of medicinal products for several types of diseases and disorders. Traditional knowledge is an important source for the development of new drugs. Several studies revealed that traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is being practised among several tribes throughout the world. Many researchers have been evaluated the authenticity of this information. Family Asteraceae got an important place among this medicinal heritage. This is one of the widely distributed families and large numbers of plants have been utilized in various skin-related problems. This chapter highlights the ethnopharmacological properties of this family.
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